矿物酸和有机酸的区别

酸是具有酸性特征的有机物质。酸也是一种可以与碱反应生成盐和水的化学物质。强酸和弱酸是两种主要的酸。根据它们的化学组成，酸也可以分为无机酸或有机酸。无机酸和有机酸的主要区别在于，无机酸是由各种化学元素组合组成的无机化合物，而有机酸是主要由碳和氢原子组成的有机分子。

什么是矿物酸？

Mineral acids, often known as Inorganic acids, are acids produced from inorganic compounds. Inorganic acids are therefore inorganic substances with acidic characteristics. 

例如盐酸（HCl）、硫酸（H ₂ SO ₄ ）、氢氟酸（HF）等。

矿物酸的特性：

1. 一些无机酸的结构中含有氧原子，而另一些则没有。例如，H ₂ SO ₄是具有氧原子的无机酸。然而，另一种无机酸 HCN 缺乏氧原子。
2. 一些无机酸可能含有碳原子，而另一些则在其化学结构中不含碳（与无机酸不同，有机酸必须由碳组成）。例如，HCN 尽管是无机酸，但具有碳原子。 HCN 不是有机酸，因为与有机化合物不同，它唯一的 CH 键在水中很容易解离为 H ⁺离子和 CN ^-离子。
3. 无机酸极易溶于水，但溶于无机溶剂。
4. 大多数无机酸具有极强的腐蚀性。硫酸、盐酸和硝酸是最常见的无机酸。无机酸用于多种工艺，包括有机和无机化合物的合成。然而，这些酸具有极强的腐蚀性。
5. 无水形式可以是气态或固态。无机酸酐是可以与水反应形成无机酸的准金属氧化物。硫酸就是一个例子。

什么是有机酸？

Organic acids are organic substances that are acidic in nature. Because they are organic molecules, organic acids must include a carbon atom.

例如苹果酸、柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸、盐酸等。

有机酸的特性：

1. 有机酸具有极强的腐蚀性和毒性。腐蚀性是酸接触的组织的一种毒性。
2. 有机酸及其衍生物用于描述范围广泛的物质。它们用于几乎所有类型的化学品生产。因为有机酸基团成员的化学结构不同。乙酸就是一个例子。
3. 羧酸的分子式是RCOOH。酸性是由官能团-COOH引起的。该基团的氢原子可以作为 H ⁺离子释放。这是因为氧原子比氢原子包含更多的电子并且更负电。结果，H原子可以容易地与-COOH基团分离。
4. 由于其酸性，有机酸的 pH 值小于 7。这些酸有酸味，可以使蓝色石蕊呈红色。有机酸分为两类。
   • 强有机酸：强酸完全解离，在水溶液中没有平衡。
   • 弱有机酸：弱酸存在于溶液中，与其共轭碱和 H+ 离子保持平衡。由于它们在水中部分离解，大多数有机酸（乙酸）是弱酸。
5. 解离后形成的阴离子的稳定性决定了有机酸的强弱。

矿物酸和有机酸的区别

	Mineral Acid	Organic Acid
1.	Mineral or Inorganic acids are therefore inorganic substances with acidic characteristics.	Organic acids are organic substances that are acidic in nature.
2.	Mineral Acids are highly corrosive.	Organic Acids are non-corrosive.
3.	They are derived from an inorganic compound.	They have acidic properties.
4.	They have a non-biological origin such as mineral sources.	Most organic acids have a biological origin.
5.	They dissolve well in water.	They dissolve poorly in water.
6.	They are strong acids.	They are typically weak acids.
7.	They may or may not have carbon atoms in their structure.	They essentially have carbon atoms in their structure.
8.	e.g. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Hydrofluoric acid (HF), etc.	e.g. Malic acid, Citric acid, Oxalic acid, Tartaric acid, Hydrochloric acid, etc.

示例问题

问题 1：定义酸、碱和盐。

回答：

• Acid: An acid is defined as a substance that causes a sour taste in water, turns blue litmus red, and neutralises bases.
• Base: If a substance’s aqueous solution tastes bitter, turns red litmus blue, or neutralises acids, it is referred to as a base.
• Salt: Salt is a non-reactive substance whose aqueous solution has no effect on litmus.

问题 2：识别以下酸：番茄、醋和罗望子。

回答：

• Oxalic acid 
• Acetic acid 
• Tartaric acid

问题 3：解释抗酸剂的工作原理。

回答：

Hyperacidity is caused by an excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Antacid is a basic substance. It neutralises excess acid and relieves pain caused by hyperacidity.

问题四：为什么酸味物质能有效清洁失去光泽的器皿？

回答：

Sour substances usually contain some form of acid. Metal oxide has formed a coating on tarnished vessels. As a result, this acid of sour substance neutralises metal oxide or base, i.e. ionizable H⁺ in acid is replaced by metal ion forming salt and water that can be easily removed, thereby cleaning the vessel.

问题5：下列哪些是无机酸？

硝酸、柑橘酸、甲酸、盐酸。

回答：

A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is a type of acid that is derived from one or more inorganic compounds. When mineral acids are dissolved in water, they produce hydrogen ions and conjugate base ions. As a result, nitric and hydrochloric acids are mineral acids.