📅  最后修改于: 2023-12-03 15:06:23.639000             🧑  作者: Mango
在人工智能中,推理是非常重要的一部分。它使得机器能够根据已知的事实和规则,得出新的结论和知识。推理的过程可以分为以下几种类型:
前向推理是从“已知”的事实和规则,推导出“结论”。也就是说,根据已知的前提条件,推断出可能的结论。前向推理是一种自上而下的推理方法。
例如,我们知道“狗都是动物”,“此物是狗”,那么我们就可以得出结论:“此物是动物”。
前向推理的代码示例:
facts = {
"dogs are animals": True,
}
rules = [
{
"if": ["this is a dog"],
"then": "this is an animal"
}
]
def forward_reasoning(facts, rules):
for rule in rules:
if all(facts.get(condition, False) for condition in rule["if"]):
facts[rule["then"]] = True
return facts
facts["this is a dog"] = True
facts = forward_reasoning(facts, rules)
print(facts) # {'dogs are animals': True, 'this is an animal': True}
反向推理与前向推理相反,它是从“结论”往回推导到“前提条件”。也就是说,根据某个结论,反推出可能的前提条件。反向推理是一种自下而上的推理方法。
例如,我们知道“动物都是有生命的”,“此物是有生命的”,那么我们就可以得出结论:“此物是动物”。
反向推理的代码示例:
facts = {
"this is alive": True,
}
rules = [
{
"if": ["this is an animal"],
"then": "this is alive"
}
]
def backward_reasoning(facts, rules, goal):
if facts.get(goal, False):
return True
for rule in rules:
if goal == rule["then"]:
if all(backward_reasoning(facts, rules, condition) for condition in rule["if"]):
facts[goal] = True
return True
return False
print(backward_reasoning(facts, rules, "this is an animal")) # True
逆向推理是一种自下而上的推理方法,它是通过与“目标”相反的规则和事实,推导出新的结果。它通常用于回答“为什么?”的问题。
例如,我们知道“人类都是有智慧的”,“此物没有智慧”,那么我们就可以得出结论:“此物不是人类”。
逆向推理的代码示例:
facts = {
"this is a human": True,
}
rules = [
{
"if": ["this has wisdom"],
"then": "this is human"
}
]
def inverse_reasoning(facts, rules, goal):
for rule in rules:
if all(facts.get(condition, False) for condition in rule["if"]) and goal == rule["then"]:
return True
return False
print(inverse_reasoning(facts, rules, "this is a human")) # False