将矿石转化为金属
金属是在地球表面下自然形成的矿物质或物质。金属是无机的,这意味着它们是由非生命物质形成的。金属是地壳的天然化合物,以金属矿石的形式存在,并与许多其他元素相互关联。它们也天然存在于被地表水和地下水冲刷的岩石中,以及大气尘埃中。
金属非常坚固耐用,因此被用来制作各种物品。这些用于制造汽车、卫星、炊具和其他物品。大多数金属是硬的,但有些不是。钠和钾是可刀切的金属,而汞在室温下是液态金属。铁是自然界的固体元素。
什么是矿石?
Ore is a deposit of one or more valuable minerals in the Earth’s crust. Metals essential to industry and trade, such as copper, gold, and iron, are found in the most valuable ore deposits.
矿石根据它们的形成方式进行分类。一些矿石是由于岩浆、熔岩或火成岩侵入体内的矿物冷却和结晶而形成的。这些被称为岩浆或火山矿石。镍、铜和铁矿石通常由岩浆或火山沉积物形成。
除了火山和活动,碳酸盐碱矿是由火成过程形成的。碳酸盐碱性组包括稀土元素矿石以及一些金刚石。如果矿石可以作为火成过程的结果形成,它们也可以作为变质或沉积过程的结果形成。铅、锌和银经常在变质矿石中发现,一些氧化铁也是如此。在沉积环境中形成带状铁地层,以及金、铂、锌、锡,甚至含金刚石的矿石。
水热过程可导致矿石的形成。这些过程涉及将岩石和矿物质暴露在极热的水中,这最常见于海洋热液喷口或温泉附近。水热法生产了世界上大部分的黄金和铀矿石。
将精矿转化为金属
从浓缩矿石中分离金属需要将金属从发现它们的化合物中提炼到其原始状态。浓缩后的矿石首先转化为氧化物,然后通过用合适的还原剂将氧化物还原为金属来完成金属提取。
矿石集中在其原始的氧化物、碳酸盐、硫化物或卤化物形式中。最好将金属化合物转化为氧化物,以便从这些化学品中获得纯金属。
金属氧化物容易被还原,可以得到纯金属。使用两种方法将浓缩矿石转化为金属氧化物。这些过程是煅烧(加热空气不足)和焙烧矿石(加热空气不足量)。
煅烧
Calcination is the process of converting ore into oxide by rapidly heating it. This method is frequently used to convert carbonates and hydroxides to their corresponding oxides.
在没有空气的情况下,碳酸盐矿石被加热。在没有空气和热量的情况下,CO 3转化为 CO 2和 O。金属将 O 保留为金属氧化物。矿石中的任何水分也通过加热除去。加热还可以去除可能被困在矿石中的任何挥发性杂质或气体。通过煅烧将炉甘石矿石或碳酸锌转化为 ZnO 的过程如下所示。
[Cu(H 2 O) 6 ] +2 + 4NH 3 ⇢ [Cu(H 2 O) 2 (NH 3 ) 4 ] +2 (复合离子)
煅烧是指煅烧的产物,无论实际化合物是否经过热处理。
烘烤
Roasting is a metallurgical process in which ore is converted into oxide by heating it below its melting point in the presence of excess air.
虽然煅烧主要用于碳酸盐氧化,但焙烧是一种转化硫化矿石的方法。硫化矿石在大量空气中焙烧或加热。硫化物转化为二氧化硫。当金属与空气中的氧气发生反应时,会形成金属氧化物。气体和其他挥发性杂质的去除是通过加热完成的。以下示例显示了焙烧如何将混合锌矿石(硫化锌)转化为 ZnO。
2ZnS + 3O 2 ⇢ 2ZnO + 2SO 2
非金属和水分杂质在烘烤过程中以挥发性气体的形式释放出来。焙烧过程包括固气热反应,如还原、氧化、氯化、硫酸化和热解。用硫化物烘烤是空气污染的主要来源,该过程的主要缺点是它会排放大量危害环境的金属、有毒和酸性化合物。其他矿石,如金属氧化物矿石和金属氯化物矿石,不受煅烧和焙烧过程的影响。热处理从这些矿石中去除杂质和水。
煅烧和焙烧的区别
Calcination | Roasting |
Calcination is a process in which either a limited amount of air is supplied or the ore is heated in the absence of air. | Roasting is the process of heating ore to temperatures lower than its melting point in the presence of oxygen or air. |
The thermal decomposition of carbonate ores is involved in calcination. | Roasting is primarily used for sulphide minerals. |
During calcination, moisture is extracted from the ore. | Roasting does not involve ore dehydration. |
During calcination, carbon dioxide is produced. | A large amount of toxic, acidic, and metallic compounds are released during roasting. |
CO3 is converted into CO2 and O | Here, Sulphide is converted to sulphur dioxide. |
示例问题
问题1:如果你接触到金属钙会发生什么?
回答:
Calcium will react with water or moisture that causes heat. Calcium metal can cause severe corrosive irritation when it comes into contact with moisture in the eyes, body, or respiratory tract.
问题2:最软的金属是什么?
回答:
Caesium is thought to be the softest metal, and lead is thought to be one of the softest metals. Mercury is a liquid at room temperature (molten). At body temperature, gallium is a liquid, and at room temperature, it is a solid (if soft).
问题3:非金属如何与水反应?
回答:
Nonmetals do not react with water, but they are usually very reactive in air, which is why some of them are stored in water. Phosphorus, for example, is a highly reactive nonmetal that catches fire when exposed to air, which is why it is stored in water to avoid contact with atmospheric oxygen.
问题4:为什么在没有氧气的情况下会发生煅烧?
回答:
For the Carbonate Ores, calcination is used. The ores are intensely heated in the absence of oxygen during the calcination process (air). This is done to convert metal carbonates to carbon dioxide and metal oxides. If these ores are heated in the presence of oxygen or air, no reaction occurs, and the entire process is rendered ineffective.
问题5:什么是氧化物还原成金属?
解决方案:
Metal oxide reduction entails the removal of oxygen in order to refine metal to its free state. This is accomplished with the assistance of reducing agents such as carbon (C) and carbon monoxide (CO). Heat is applied to the metal oxide obtained from the ore.