硫酸钡配方 – 结构、性质、用途、示例问题
钡是一种化学元素,符号为 Ba,原子序数为 56。它是一种二价、柔软的银色碱土金属,是第 2 族中的第六种元素。由于其极端的化学反应性,它在自然界中从未作为自由元素被发现.它可以在与其他化合物(如硫、碳或氧)的混合物中找到。它很轻,密度只有铁的一半。在氧气存在下,钡氧化并与水剧烈相互作用产生氢氧化物,释放出氢气。钡与几乎所有的非金属相互作用产生复杂的化学物质,这些化学物质通常是有毒的。
什么是硫酸钡?
Barium sulphate is a white crystalline inorganic solid that is odorless and water-insoluble. It is found in the mineral barite, which is the most common commercial source of barium and barium-based products.
它的主要应用利用了它的白色不透明外观和高密度。它无毒,可用于医疗环境。它通常用于石油和天然气行业,通过保持钻孔不含岩石来获得高密度钻井液。碳将硫酸钡还原为硫酸钡。许多年前,这种转化的无意发现导致了第一种合成荧光粉的开发。
硫酸钡的结构
硫酸钡的分子式由一个钡阳离子(Ba 2+ )和一个硫酸根阴离子(SO 2- 4 )组成。在硫酸根离子中,硫有四个与其键合的氧原子。因此,硫酸钡的分子式或化学式为BaSO 4 。它的分子量为 233.38 g/mol,具有正交晶体结构,偶极矩为零。它是一种含有钡(一种柔软的银色金属)、硫和氧的化合物。它是一种以重晶石矿物形式出现的硫酸钡盐。
硫酸钡的性质
- 硫酸钡是一种白色结晶固体,完全没有气味。
- 硫酸钡的密度为 4.49 g/cm 3在 16 °C,熔点为 1580 °C,沸点为 1600 °C,热容量为 101.7 J/mol K,标准摩尔熵和生成焓硫酸钡为 132 J/mol K & -1465 kJ/mol。
- 硫酸钡水溶液本质上是中性的,在 14 °C 时的 pH 值为 6。
- 硫酸钡的折射率为1.636,而硫酸钡的磁化率为-71.3×10 -6 cm 3 /mol。
- 硫酸钡在水中的溶解度在 20 °C 时为 0.2448 mg/100 mL,在 30 °C 时为 0.285 mg/100 mL。它不溶于醇,但完全溶于浓热硫酸。硫酸钡的溶解度积在 25 °C 时为 1.0842 × 10 -10 。据称它在通用溶剂水中的溶解度非常低。
- 硫酸钡与铝粉接触时会发生剧烈反应。
硫酸钡的用途
- 硫酸钡在铜阳极板的铸造中用作涂层材料。它被用作不透射线和放射造影剂。
- 硫酸钡是一种用于油井钻井液的成分。因此,它被用作塑料中的填料以提高聚合物的密度。
- 它用于确定土壤 pH 值的设备中。
- 在油画中,它被用作填充物或改变稠度。
- 它用于在钡餐期间对胃肠道进行成像。
- 它用于帮助诊断某些食道、胃和肠道问题。
- 它充当造影剂,通过涂敷食道、胃或肠的内部开始发挥作用,使它们在 CT 扫描或其他放射学(X 射线)检查中更明显。
- 它用于生产金属合金。
- 它也可用于药物指南中未包含的用途,例如钻井中使用的某些液体。
- 世界上大约 80% 的硫酸钡产量(主要是精炼矿物)被用作油井钻井液的成分。它提高了流体的密度,提高了井中的静水压力并降低了井喷的风险。
- 它还广泛用于油漆和制造眼镜。
- 它还用于制动衬片、声学泡沫、粉末涂料和根管充填。
示例问题
问题一:硫酸钡的制备工艺是怎样的?
解决方案:
After mining and processing, commercial levels of barium Sulphate are found in the mineral barite. To make impure barite, heat it with coke, commonly known as carbon, to generate water-soluble barium sulphide (BaS), which is then separated from the filths and treated with sulfuric acid to yield the pure barium sulphate product.
BaSO4 + 4 C → BaS + 4 CO
A second method for obtaining pure barium sulphate is to start a reaction using sulphuric acid and barium carbonate or barium chloride.
BaS + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + H2S
问题 2:是什么使硫酸钡可用作放射性造影剂?
解决方案:
In medicine, barium sulphate in suspension is frequently used as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging and other diagnostic procedures. It is most commonly employed in GI tract imaging, sometimes known colloquially as a barium meal. It is taken orally or via enema as a fine particle suspension in a thick milk-like solution (often with sweetening and flavouring agents added).
Despite the fact that barium is a heavy metal whose water-soluble compounds are sometimes very hazardous, the limited solubility of barium sulphate protects the patient from absorbing lethal levels of the metal. Barium compounds absorb X-rays more strongly than compounds generated from lighter nuclei due to their comparatively high atomic number (Z = 56).
问题三:硫酸钡在铜行业有什么用?
解决方案:
Due to its high melting point and insoluble in water, barium sulphate is employed as a release material in the casting of copper anode plates. Because the anode plates are cast in copper moulds, a coating of fine barium sulphate powder in water is employed on the mould surface to prevent direct contact of the liquid copper with the solid copper mould. As a result, when the molten copper solidifies into an anode plate, it may be simply removed from its mould.
问题4:简要解释过度接触硫酸钡的副作用。
解决方案:
Minor stomach pains, nausea, and vomiting are some of the common side effects. Stools are loose or somewhat constipated. Other effects are extreme cramping, diarrhoea or constipation, ringing in the ears, sweating, anxiety, rapid heart rate or light skin, grey eyes, fatigue.
问题5:硫酸钡如何作为催化剂载体?
解决方案:
When selectively hydrogenating functional groups that are susceptible to overreduction, barium sulphate is utilised as a catalyst support. With a limited surface area, the substrate’s contact time with the catalyst is reduced, resulting in selectivity. In the Rosenmund reduction, palladium on barium sulphate is also utilised as a catalyst.