在固体、液体和气体中的扩散
在厨房做饭的时候,人们坐在客厅里可能会闻到食物的味道。由于在空气中的扩散,食物中的蒸汽到达我们身上,给我们带来食物的香味。人们可以从远处闻到燃烧的香。当他们烧一根香时,里面的香会因热量而蒸发。来自香棒的蒸汽与空气相互作用并进入我们。
由于扩散,当糖被引入水中时,它会结合起来。由于它们的不断运动,糖颗粒与水颗粒碰撞。碳酸饮料是通过让气体在水中扩散而制成的。当碳酸饮料瓶的盖子打开时,我们会听到嘶嘶声,这是由于分散的气体从水中逸出而引起的。水生动物呼吸水中溶解的氧气。由于水中溶解的二氧化碳,水生植物在水下产生食物。扩散使这些气体溶解在水中。
什么是扩散?
扩散是由一种物质的粒子运动引起的一种物质与另一种物质的扩散或混合。一种物质扩散到另一种物质的过程继续进行,直到获得均匀的混合物。
Diffusion is a feature of matter that is determined by the movement of its particles. Diffusion is a phenomenon that occurs in gases, liquids, and solids.
随着分散物质的温度升高,扩散速率也随之升高。在气体中,扩散最快,而在固体中,扩散最慢。各种气体具有不同的扩散速率。较轻的气体以较慢的速度混合较稠的气体。传播发生在液体和固体中。另一方面,固体中的扩散速度相当缓慢。液体中的扩散比气体中的扩散慢,因为液体粒子的传播速度很慢。
影响扩散的因素是-
- 密度:扩散速率与被扩散的液体或气体的质量成正比。扩散速率越低,密度越高。
- 温度:温度与扩散速率有直接关系。组成单元的动能随着温度升高而增加,并且它们移动得更快,从而导致扩散速率增加。
扩散率
The rate of diffusion increases as the temperature rises and decreases as the temperature falls. As the temperature rises, so does the kinetic energy, which accelerates the movement of matter particles. The rate of diffusion increases as the speed of movement increases.
例如,人们可以在很短的距离闻到冷的食物,而我们可以在很远的地方闻到热的食物。因为以气体形式从冷食中散发出来的气味的动能不足以穿越更远的距离。然而,当食物很热时,由于动能增加,逸出的蒸汽移动得更快,即使我们很远也能到达我们。
气体扩散
气体具有非常快的扩散速率。因为气体粒子在各个方向上移动得非常快。另一方面,气体的扩散速率由其密度决定。轻气体的扩散比重气体快,因为气体粒子具有更高的动能,它们以更快的速度移动。由于粒子的高速运动,气体迅速扩散。
例子:
- 只有在烟囱口附近才能观察到从工业中流出的烟雾。爬到高处后与空气混合。
- 当有人在任何房间的角落点燃一根香时,由于烟雾扩散到空气中,气味很快就会在房间内传播。
在液体中的扩散
液体扩散比气体扩散慢。这是因为液体粒子的传播速度比气体粒子慢。由于动能,液体颗粒具有足够的流动性以允许扩散。当它们保持在一起时,扩散会导致两种液体结合。
例子:
- 例如,高锰酸钾(用于治疗皮肤感染\烧伤的化学物质)颗粒扩散到水中,导致高锰酸钾的紫色扩散到水中。
- 水生植物利用溶解的二氧化碳通过光合作用来准备食物,而水生动物则利用水中的溶解氧呼吸。这是气体扩散到液体中的示意图。
固体扩散:
扩散也可能发生在固体中。固态扩散是一个极其缓慢的过程。固体粒子的动能最低,因此不会移动。结果,在固体的情况下,扩散需要很长时间。
例子:
- 在黑板上写东西然后长时间弄脏,清洁黑板变得非常困难。这是因为某些粉笔颗粒已经扩散到黑板表面。
- 合金是由两种或多种金属组成的金属合金。由于固体扩散到固体中,可以形成合金。合金包括青铜、钢和黄铜。
示例问题
问题1:气体在水中扩散的重要性是什么?举例说明。
回答:
Diffusion is the process by which molecules shift from a high-concentration region to a low-concentration zone. Diffusion differs from osmosis in that osmosis primarily involves the flow of water, whereas diffusion mostly involves the movement of particles via a membrane.
Example: The oxygen from the air we breathe diffuses from the lungs to the bloodstream as we breathe in. The oxygen that was breathed in a gaseous state is now combined in the bloodstream as a liquid. As a result, one of the most important phenomena is gas diffusion in liquid (oxygen gas from our lungs to the bloodstream).
问题2:粒子的“随机游走”在扩散中指的是什么?
回答:
Brownian motion, often known as “random walk,” describes how molecules travel through space, bouncing off other particles and obstacles and reacting with their surroundings.
问题3:浓度梯度何时不再存在?
回答:
It is considered to have reached equilibrium when the molecules that have been introduced to a substance have distributed throughout the substance. The concentration of molecules in the substance is now uniform throughout, and the gradient has vanished.
问题 4:为什么气体、液体和固体的扩散速率不同?
回答:
The distance between molecules is a key difference between these various types. Molecules in gases are more widely spaced than in liquids or solids. Because diffusion involves molecular collisions, the distance between them is an essential component.
问题 5:为什么分子在通过物质扩散时似乎会沿着浓度梯度向下移动?
回答:
Diffusion is the movement of molecules through a medium due to their random motion and collisions with other particles. Molecules will shift from a high-concentration location to a low-concentration area over time, becoming uniformly disseminated throughout.
问题 6:解释为什么渗透与扩散不同。
回答:
Osmosis is a kind of diffusion in which two liquid solutions are separated by an SPM. The SPM is unable to pass through solutes. Because the dilute solution contains more solvent particles than the concentrated solution, these particles migrate through SPM from the former to the latter.
问题7:为什么间隙扩散通常比空位扩散快?
回答:
The likelihood of a neighbouring interstitial site forming is substantially higher than that of a vacancy under normal conditions. Furthermore, the interstitial atoms’ bonds to the host lattice are substantially weaker.