社会科学家眼中的贫困

当一个人无法获得最基本的生活必需品时，就会出现贫困。当父母无法送孩子上学，或病人无法负担治疗费用，以及家庭缺乏适当的清洁用水、卫生设施和正常就业时。在这种贫困状态下，几乎所有环境中的穷人都受到虐待和剥削，包括农场、工厂、政府机关、医院和火车站。

社会科学家的贫困分析

贫困可能导致，但社会科学家以不同的指标看待以下方式： 收入和消费水平通常被用作贫困的指标。社会科学家对贫困的看法与许多其他参数不同，例如：

• 文盲
• 缺乏营养
• 工作机会少
• 无法获得安全的饮用水和卫生设施等。

社会排斥

Poverty, according to this idea, is defined as the poor being confined to a poor environment with other poor people, deprived of the social equality enjoyed by well-off individuals in better environments. It can be both a cause and a result of poverty. It’s a system in which certain people or groups are denied access to facilities, perks, and opportunities that others have.

例如，在印度，种姓制度以这样一种方式运作，即来自特定种姓的人被剥夺了平等的机会。因此，与收入极低相比，社会孤立造成的危害更大。

因此，人们被排斥在更好的环境中享受富人的社会平等，因为他们和穷人生活在贫困的环境中，这既可能是贫困的结果，也可能是贫困的原因。因此，在印度，社会排斥是基于属于在册种姓的类似种姓的人，与社会其他部分相比，在册部落无法享受平等的设施、福利和机会。

漏洞

脆弱性是指一定程度的感知，它描述了某些社区或个人在未来几年变得或意味着贫穷的可能性更大。

它取决于不同社区在资产、教育、卫生设施方面寻找替代生活的选择。由于他们没有适当的设施，如地震、海啸等，他们是最容易面临自然灾害风险的人。

Hence, Vulnerability to poverty is an indicator that shows the chance of particular groups (such as backward caste members) or individuals (such as widows or physically challenged people) becoming or being poor in the next years. 

示例问题

问题 1：解释贫困对印度的两种影响？

回答：

The two impacts of poverty are,

Child Exploitation – Some of the large families are unable to meet the monetary needs of the members as a result children of low age 6-7years has started for looking job and to start earning in order to contribute to the family income.

Homelessness – As poverty increase then the condition of homelessness increases as they already have a lack of basic facilities and homelessness, i leads to affect child health, woman’s safety, and overall health issues for aged people and also increase in criminal activity.

问题2：印度未来如何摆脱贫困？

回答：

India can overcome poverty by improving some of the factors –

• Boost economic growth.
• Planning for universal free elementary education.
• By declining or maintaining population growth.
• Focusing on women’s empowerment.

问题3：行业致贫的原因是什么？

回答：

There is a lack of industrialization in India. From an industrial point of view, India is very backward, around 3 percent of the total working population is engaged in large-scale industry. As the British colonial government has ruined the traditional industries and also discourage the development of industry in India.

问题4：给出一个导致失业的非经济因素？

回答：

Overpopulation is one of the non-economic factors which are responsible for unemployment, as over-population has been rising in India at a very rapid rate but job opportunities are not increasing at the same rate, this causes the increase in unemployment in India.

问题 5：解释政府采取的间接脱贫方式？

回答：

To eradicate poverty government has adopted an indirect approach, In this approach, they have promoted the small-scale industry and education of agriculture for achieving high economic growth. This approach is also known as the trickle-down effect. This was assumed that the development of industry and agriculture will create employment opportunities and income.