印度的贫困估计

贫困被定义为一个人无法获得生存的基本要素的情况。这是一个人缺乏足够的资金来满足食物、衣服和住所等基本需求的情况。另一方面，贫困不仅仅是缺乏资源。

当父母无法送孩子上学时，或者在病人无法负担医疗费用、家庭无法获得清洁水和卫生设施以及最低工资水平的正常工作的情况下，这意味着生活在一种无助的状态中。

贫困估算

收入或消费水平是用于评估印度贫困的典型指标，如果收入或消费低于某个最低水平，则该家庭被认为低于贫困线 (BPL)。

• 贫困线计算：印度的贫困评估目前由 NITI Aayog 工作组使用国家统计局下属的国家抽样调查办公室收集的数据来计算贫困线 (MOSPI)。
• 以前负责制定印度贫困线的计划委员会已被 NITI Aayog 取代，成为政策智囊团。
• 消费者与收入水平：在印度，贫困线是根据消费支出而不是收入水平计算的，原因如下：
• 收入变化：个体经营者、日薪劳动者等的收入在时间和空间上变化很大，但消费模式相当一致。
• 额外收入：即使是正常工资的工人，也经常有额外的收入，这可能很难计算。
• 数据收集：在基于消费的贫困线的情况下，基于样本的调查采用一个参考期（例如 30 天），在该参考期中询问家庭过去 30 天的消费情况，然后用于反映一般消费.追踪收入的主要趋势是不可行的。参考期是指 NSSO 工作人员进行调查并询问有关房屋的具体问题的时间范围。

贫困线

In India, the method commonly used to estimate poverty is through the measurement of income and consumption levels. If a personal income level falls below a minimum level that fails to meet his/her basic needs then he/she is considered being poor. This minimum level of basic necessities is known as the poverty line.

当个人或家庭的收入或消费低于最低水平时，他们被指定为低于贫困线。需要注意的是，印度在识别穷人时会同时衡量收入和消费水平，但首先，主要考虑的是消费支出，原因如下：

• 收入波动：日薪工、合同工等，这些工人的收入有所不同，因为这取决于工作的可用性和他们提供的收入，尽管消费模式相对稳定
• 额外收入：日薪工人或合同工不依赖单一收入，否则他们将有其他收入来源。会有其他工作可以赚取他们的工资，这将很难考虑
• 数据收集：在估算住户的消费水平时，抽样调查使用 30 天的参考期，并以一般消费模式作为追踪，因为收入追踪模式是不可能的。

在确定食物需求、衣服和其他基本必需品的贫困线最低水平时，这些东西已被纳入计算。之后，他们的物理量乘以他们的卢比价格，每五年通过抽样调查进行贫困线计算，调查由国家抽样调查组织（NSSO）进行。

示例问题

问题 1：什么是 Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMJY)？

回答：

This yojana was launched in 2000 with central assistance given to states. Its aim is to provide basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water, and rural electrification to all the poorer people of rural areas.

问题 2：穷人中的穷人是什么意思？

回答：

There are inequality of income with in the family apart from social groups. In the poor families, people suffer but some of the family member suffer ore than others such as women, elderly people and female infants (especially girls child). They are systematically denied to equal access of resources available to family. Hence these members of the family are the poorest of poor.

问题3：西孟加拉邦主要采取哪些减贫措施？

回答：

The principal measure taken in West Bengal to reduce poverty is land reforms as they helped in the reduction of poverty.

Operation Barga has started which encourages and protects the interest of sharecroppers and prevents them from the exploitation of landowners.

问题 4：将殖民统治解释为贫困的原因？

回答：

This is one of the most important causes of poverty in India as the British colonial government has reformed the policies to increase their economic growth which result in a decline of economic growth of India, This government have also ruined the Indian traditional handicrafts industry and discouraged the development of industries like textile and cottage.

问题五：《农村就业法》的特点是什么？

回答：

National Rural Employment Act was enacted in the year 2005. Its characteristics are,

• Assured employment of 100 days every year to selected number of rural houses.
• Reservation of job for women in one – third proportion.