食品中的化学物质——定义、防腐剂、抗氧化剂、例子
化学家在我们的日常生活中扮演着重要的角色。化学物质用于满足最基本的必需品,例如住所、食物、衣服和药物。药物化学考虑了有机、分析、物理、无机和生物学问题。
您是否知道您每天都食用人造甜味剂作为化学品?那是正确的。我们消费的约 80% 的包装食品中含有多种化学物质。其中一些化合物对您的健康极为危险,而其他化合物则需要保持食物新鲜和可食用。让我们仔细看看食物中的这些化学物质。
食品中的化学物质
In various ways, chemistry has aided the modern world. The introduction of chemicals into our everyday food has made a significant influence. When chemicals are added to food, they serve three basic functions :
- They contribute to the food’s long-term preservation. The shelf life of most processed foods ranges from a few months to several years. Only because we use chemicals as preservatives in these foods can we do this.
- To improve the physical appearance of foods, chemicals are sometimes added. Certain chemicals will aid manufacturers in increasing the appeal of their products and making them more appealing to customers. They’re just for show.
添加剂是食品中的化学物质。我们今天使用的许多添加剂被认为对人类食用是安全的。然而,并非所有人都是健康的。我们在食物中使用以下物质:食用色素、反式脂肪等。
食品防腐剂中的化学物质
在温暖的气候中,太阳有助于干燥易腐烂的食物,如水果、蔬菜和鱼。在寒冷的气候中,大自然有助于将肉类和鱼类等易腐烂的食物保存更长时间。
自然发酵和腌制也帮助人们获得一些关键食物。储存食物的主要媒介是热和冷。这些食品保鲜程序中的许多都是建立在科学原理之上的,从而使食品保鲜业务成为当今世界上最大的行业。防腐剂是一种化学物质,当添加到食物中时,可以抑制、延迟或停止发酵、酸化或其他由细菌增殖引起的食物分解。
The following are the several types of food preservation methods,
- Physical Methods
- Chemical Methods
食品防腐剂的物理方法
- 除热:冷藏、冷冻保鲜、脱水冷冻保鲜、碳酸化均涉及。新鲜水果、蔬菜、肉类和鱼类等食品可以通过冷冻延长其储存期限。冷却会降低温度,从而抑制微生物的生长。
- 通过加热: 巴氏杀菌或灭菌可以在静态和搅拌下进行。第一种也是最流行的保存方法是加热。罐装或热处理是它的另一个术语。由于加热会杀死微生物,因此这种方法被广泛用于保存固体和液体物品。
- 通过除水:用于除水的程序包括晒干、低温蒸发、冷冻干燥、吹驱等。晒干是世界各地干燥各种食品、蔬菜、谷物和其他物品的常用方法。为了获得高质量的干燥产品,已经实施了许多创新。当水从混合物中去除时,细菌的发展受到抑制。
- 通过辐照:食物通过紫外线 (UV) 或电离辐射保存。为了抑制食品领域的微生物生长,使用更高强度的紫外线进行照射。例如,烘焙食品。使用高能电磁辐射是因为它产生所需的饮食效果并且不会导致食物具有放射性。
食品防腐剂的化学方法
- 加糖:在为果酱、果冻和橘子酱保存水果时,加糖然后加热是关键步骤。这种技术简单、便宜且易于实施。
- 添加盐:在食品储存中,盐渍也用于防止真菌和细菌进入。它主要用于制作生芒果、柠檬和辣椒泡菜,以及保持鱼类新鲜。渗透是细胞失水、死亡、休眠或停止工作的过程。这是保持食物新鲜的最古老的方法之一。
- 添加醋:醋用于保存食物,如泡菜、沙拉酱、芥末、鱼和其他类似物品。 Vinaigre,在法语中意为酸酒,是醋这个词的来源。
- 添加其他化学品:防腐剂包括苯甲酸钠、山梨酸盐和丙酸等。
人造甜味剂
Plants contain sweeteners such as cane sugar, glucose, maltose, and fructose. They’re sugar substitutes that aren’t artificial. They function as nourishment, providing calories to the body, in addition to being sweet. Certain compounds that do not occur naturally but are produced in the lab have a pleasant taste but no nutritional benefit. They are known as artificial sweeteners.
1879 年,康斯坦丁·法尔伯格 (Constantine Fahlberg) 和埃拉·拉姆森 (Era Ramsen) 发现了人造甜味剂糖精。对于糖尿病患者来说,这是一个至关重要的突破。它通过人体消化系统时不需要被消化。它在高浓度时具有令人讨厌的苦味。 C 7 H 5 SNO 3是糖精的分子式。
蔗糖的甜度是蔗糖的 550 倍。它用于使药物、牙膏、低热量糖果、软饮料和冷饮等变甜。
阿斯巴甜的甜度是蔗糖的 100 倍,是另一种人造甜味剂。因为它在高温下易碎,所以专门用于冷食。三氯蔗糖是一种蔗糖三氯衍生物,其甜度是蔗糖的 600 倍。三氯蔗糖不用于烹饪,因为它在高温下会降解。 Alitame是另一种人造甜味剂,其性能比蔗糖高出约 2000 倍。因此,它格外甜美且温度稳定。
抗氧化剂
抗氧化剂是添加到食物中时可以减缓或阻止食物氧化的物质。脂肪和油类很容易被氧化,变得腐臭且难以食用。添加抗氧化剂以防止它们氧化和变酸。自由基是在食物氧化过程中产生的。抗氧化剂与自由基结合,防止食物进一步氧化。
举些例子,
- 丁基化羟基甲苯 (C 15 H 24 O) 或 BHT
由于苯环的电子云,脂肪分子与氧相互作用产生的自由基与BHT反应形成BHT自由基,该自由基相当稳定。当 BHT 自由基不与另一个脂肪分子结合时,链式反应就会中断。它可以防止脂肪被氧化和酸败。它用于保持食物的气味、颜色和味道新鲜。
- 丁基羟基茴香醚 (C 11 H 16 O 2 ) 或 BHT
BHA 与 BHT 一样,用于通过保存脂质来防止脂质腐烂。黄油、谷物、口香糖、零食、烘焙食品、啤酒和脱水土豆都含有 BHA。橡胶、化妆品和石油产品都含有这种物质。
- 二氧化硫
它们的技术效率和多功能性使其非常适合用作食品添加剂。它们可用作抗菌剂、结构修饰剂、抗氧化剂和酶抑制剂等。葡萄酒、果汁、泡菜和其他饮料都含有它们。亚硫酸钠或亚硫酸钾以及亚硫酸氢盐是使用的盐。
示例问题
问题 1:化学物质在食品中的作用是什么?
答案:
The introduction of chemicals into our daily food has made a significant influence. In fact, when chemicals are introduced to food, they perform three basic functions: They aid in the preservation of the food. The majority of processed foods on the market have a shelf life ranging from a few months to a few years.
问题 2:食品中使用最广泛的化学物质是什么?
回答:
In fact, food preservatives are one of the most common applications of chemicals in food. Sodium benzoate is the most common chemical. C7H5NaO2 is the chemical formula for sodium benzoate.
问题 3:解释保存食物的化学方法。
回答:
Chemical Method for the preservation of food are:
- Addition of sugar : When it comes to preserving fruits for jams, jellies, and marmalades, adding sugar and then applying heat is a crucial step. This technique is simple, inexpensive, and simple to implement.
- Addition of salt : In food storage, salting is also used to keep fungus and bacteria at bay. It’s mostly used to make raw mango, lemon, and chilli pickles, as well as to keep fish items fresh. Osmosis is the process through which a cell loses water, dies, goes dormant, or stops working. It’s one of the oldest ways to keep food fresh.
- Addition of vinegar : Vinegar is used to preserve foods such as pickles, salad dressings, mustard, fish, and other similar items. Vinaigre, which means sour wine in French, is the source of the word vinegar.
- Addition of other chemicals : Preservatives include sodium benzoate, sorbic acid salts, and propionic acid, among others.
问题 4:举一个抗氧化剂的例子。
回答:
Example of Antioxidants is,
Sulphur dioxide: Their technological efficiency and versatility make them ideal for use as food additives. They serve as antimicrobials, structural modifiers, antioxidants, and enzyme inhibitors, among other things. Wines, fruit juices, pickles, and other beverages contain them. Sodium or potassium sulphite, as well as bisulphites, are the salts utilized.
问题5:氯化钠在食品中的函数是什么?
回答:
This chemical molecule is used in foods to prevent caking in a variety of items, including salt. This chemical has been deemed safe for use in foods by the WHO for decades.
问题6:哪些化合物可以延长食品的保质期?
回答:
Various chemicals are added to food to extend shelf life and make it more appealing. Colors, flavours, and sweeteners, antioxidants, fat emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, flour improvers, food preservatives, and nutritional supplements such as minerals, vitamins, and amino acids are the most common types of food additives.