什么是半条命配方?
半衰期公式用于计算物质衰减到其初始值一半的时间。该公式用于物质在任何时刻的衰变率与其现值或数量成正比的情况。随着时间的流逝,剩余物质的数量减少,因此衰变率也相应降低。这种类型的衰减被称为一阶衰减。
半条命配方
半衰期公式主要用于计算放射性物质的半衰期,其衰变与其当前剩余量成正比。因此,可以将放射性物质的半衰期定义为放射性物质的二分之一衰变所需的时间。了解半衰期很重要,因为了解半衰期使我们能够确定放射性物质样品何时可以安全处理。
公式:
t1/2 = 0.693 / λ
Where,
λ = rate constant of the decay
证明:
Let the constant of proportionality of any decay be λ. Then, write the following differential equation:
dN/dt = – λN
Here, N is the quantity / amount of the substance at any time t. Therefore,
dN/N = – λ dt
Integrating both sides,
∫dN/N = ∫-λ dt
logeN |NoN= – λ t |ot
logeN – logeNo = – λt
loge(N/No) = – λt ⇢ (i)
At half-life, the value of N reduces to half of the initial value. Thus,
N = No / 2
Putting this value in the above equation,
loge(1/2) = -λt1/2
λt1/2 = loge2
t1/2 = loge2 / λ
Since, loge2 = 0.693,
t1/2 = 0.693 / λ
广义公式:
Nt = No(1/2)t/t1/2
证明:
From equation (i),
loge(N/No) = – λt
N/No = e-λt
N = Noe-λt
Since, t1/2 = loge2 / λ,
λ = log22 / t1/2
Substituting this value,
N = Noe-loge2 / t1/2× t
N = No(e-loge2 ) t / t1/2
N = No(1/2)t/t1/2
示例问题
问题 1:求衰减常数为 1.386 sec -1的物质的半衰期值。
解决方案:
Given, rate constant λ = 1.386
Thus, the value of the half-life is given as
t1/2 = 0.693 / λ = 0.693 / 1.386 = 1/2
t1/2 = 0.5 secs
问题 2:给定物质的半衰期,求速率常数的值为 0.2 秒。
解决方案:
Given half-life t1/2 = 0.2 secs
If the rate constant be λ, then
t1/2 = 0.693 / λ
λ = 0.693 / t1/2
λ = 0.693 / 0.2 = 3.465 sec-1
λ = 3.465 sec-1
问题 3:假设对于一级反应,半衰期是速率常数值的两倍,求反应的速率常数值。
解决方案:
Let the rate constant be λ.
Then half-life t1/2 = 2λ
Then, write the half-life equation as:
t1/2 = 0.693 / λ
2λ = 0.693 / λ
2λ2 = 0.693
λ2 = 0.3465
λ = √0.3465
λ = 0.5886 sec-1
问题 4:给定速率常数的值为 0.3465 年-1 ,求半衰期的值。
解决方案:
Given the value fo rate constant λ = 0.3465 yr-1
The value of the half-life is given by:
t1/2 = 0.693 / λ
t1/2 = 0.693 / 0.3465 = 2 years
t1/2 = 2 years
问题 5:考虑一种质量为 4 公斤、半衰期为 2 年的放射性物质。找出物质减少到其现值四分之一的时间。
解决方案:
Given initial mass = 4kg
Using the generalized formula, we can write
N = No(1/2)t/t1/2
Where,
N = 4/4 = 1kg
No = 4kg
t1/2 = 2 years
Putting the values,
1 = 4 × (1/2)t/2
2t/2 = 4 =22
t/2 = 2
t = 4 years
So, the time taken by the substance to reduce to one-fourth of its initial value is 4 years.
问题 6:求放射性物质在 4 年内衰变的数量,假设初始数量为 64kgs,该物质的半衰期为 1 年。
解决方案:
Given initial mass = 64kgs
The amount of substance remaining is given by the formula,
N = No(1/2)t/t1/2
Where,
No = 64kgs
t1/2 = 1 year
t = 4 years
Putting the values,
N = 64 × (1/2)4/1 = 64/16 = 4 kgs
Thus, amount of substance decayed = No – N = 64 – 4 = 60kgs