什么是二极管? –定义,工作,类型,应用程序
半导体的电阻率介于导体和绝缘体之间。温度对半导体的电导率也有影响,当在其中加入合适的金属杂质时,半导体的导电性能会发生变化。半导体有两种类型:本征半导体和非本征半导体。
原子的最外层价壳包含松散键合的电子。当这两种原子的价电子靠近购买时,这两种原子的价电子结合形成“电子对”。这种类型的键是共价键,因为它们本质上很弱。
由于提供给晶体的热能,一些电子倾向于移出它们的位置并破坏共价键。这些断裂的共价键创造了自由空间,因为自由电子随机游荡。这个由去除电子产生的自由空间称为空穴。
什么是二极管?
二极管由两个单词组成,即“Di”表示两个,“Ode”表示电极,这意味着设备或组件具有两个电极。 (即阴极和阳极)。二极管是一种具有两端单向电源的电子器件。半导体二极管是最早出现在半导体电子器件中的二极管,之后出现了许多新的创新。但最常用的二极管是半导体二极管。
A diode has two terminals that have a low resistance to the flow of the current in one direction, there is low resistance on one side and high resistance in the other, thus restricting the flow of current in one direction. Semiconductor diodes are two-terminal devices that consist of a p-n junction and metallic contacts at their two ends.
Materials that are used to make diode are: Germanium, silicon and germanium arsenide etc.
pn 结称为半导体二极管。由于它仅在一个方向上传导,因此它用于纠正目的。因为它是由晶体状的硅或锗制成的。它也被称为晶体二极管。二极管的符号为:
二极管的构造
我们知道有两种类型的半导体材料:本征半导体和外征半导体。在本征半导体中,电子数和空穴浓度在室温下是相等的。在非本征半导体中,将杂质添加到半导体中以增加电子数或空穴数。这些杂质是五价(砷、锑、磷)或三价(硼、铟、铝)。
半导体二极管有两层。一层是p型,另一层是n型半导体。
- 如果我们在半导体(硅和锗)中添加三价杂质,则会出现更多的空穴并且它是正电荷。因此这种类型的层被称为 p 型层。
- 如果我们在半导体(硅或锗)中添加五价杂质,由于电子过多,就会产生负电荷。因此这种类型的层被称为n型层。
二极管的工作
在 N 型区域中,多数电荷载流子是电子,少数电荷载流子是空穴。而在 P 型区域中,大多数电荷载流子是空穴,而负电荷载流子是电子。由于浓度差异,扩散发生在大多数电荷载流子中,它们与相反的电荷重新结合。它产生正离子或负离子。他们聚集在路口附近。而这个区域被称为耗尽区。
- 当二极管的正极或p型接负极,n型或负极接电池正极时,这种二极管接反偏。
- 当正极或p型端接电池正极,n型或负极接电池负极时,这种二极管接正向偏压。
Forward Bias
In biasing semiconductor is connected to external source. when the p-type semiconductor is connected to the positive terminal of the source or battery and negative terminal to the n-type, then this type of junction is said to be forward-biased. In forward bias the direction of built-in electric field near the junction and applied electric field are opposite in direction. this means that the resultant electric field has a magnitude lesser than the built-in electric field. due to this there is less resistivity and therefore depletion region is thinner. In silicon, at the voltage of 0.6 V, the resistance of the depletion region becomes completely negligible.
Reverse Bias
In the reverse biasing, the n-type is connected to the positive terminal and the p-type is connected to the negative terminal of the battery . In this case, the applied electric field and the built-in electric field are in the same direction and the resultant of electric field has higher magnitude than the built-in electric field creating a more resistive, therefore depletion region is thicker. if the applied voltage becomes larger, then the depletion region becomes more resistive and thicker.
Unbiased diode
When there is no external source applied to semiconductors is known as an unbiased diode. the electric field is built up across the depletion layer between the p-type and the n-type material. this happens because of unbalanced no. of electrons and holes due to doping. At room temperature, for a silicon diode, 0.7V is barrier potential.
半导体二极管的种类
有不同类型的半导体二极管:-
- LED ——LED这个词是发光二极管,它是最有用的一种二极管,当二极管以正向偏置连接时,流过结的电流产生光。
- 稳压二极管——稳压二极管是二极管的一种,它允许电流正向流动,它也可以工作在反向击穿但在击穿状态下,稳压二极管有稳压应用,稳压二极管使用pn结在反向偏置模式,给齐纳效应。
- 隧道二极管——隧道二极管用于微波应用。
- 可变电容二极管——这种二极管也称为VARICAP二极管,尽管可变电容的输出可以表现出一般的pn结二极管,但由于它们是不同类型的二极管,这种二极管被批准提供首选的电容变化。
- 光电二极管——这种以一定光能产生电流的二极管落在它上面,在正向偏置电流从p转移到n的情况下,而在反向光电流反向流动的情况下,有两种类型的光电二极管即PN光电二极管和PIN光电二极管。
- 开关二极管等
半导体二极管的应用
半导体二极管的应用如下:
- 整流二极管——整流二极管是一种用于对交流电(AC)进行整流的二极管。
- LED – LED 用于发射红外光谱。
- 齐纳二极管——齐纳二极管用于稳定电子系统中的电流和电压。
- 光电二极管——用作光电探测器。
- 开关二极管——用于满足快速开关要求。
- 隧道二极管——隧道二极管是一种特殊类型的二极管,用于负电阻区域。
示例问题
问题 1:定义术语“兴奋剂”。
回答:
Doping is the process of adding impurities into the semiconductor, so that more electron-hole pair generate, The impurities added, are generally pentavalent and trivalent impurities. therefore they are p-type and n-type semiconductors.
问题 2:当——
- 二极管的正电压施加在阳极上。
- 二极管的负电压施加到阳极。
回答:
- This type of diode gets forward bias.
- This type of diode gets reverse bias.
问题3:温度对半导体有什么影响:
回答:
- For Intrinsic semiconductor – the conductivity increases with the rise in temperature, because more number electron-hole pair generates.
- For Extrinsic semiconductors – When temperature increases the number of electron-hole pair increases which results in lesser effect of doping and more number of these pairs neutralizes.
问题 4:定义术语 pn 结击穿电压。
回答:
In reverse bias condition, when the applied voltage increases gradually at a certain point there is increase in reverse current noticed, this is junction breakdown, corresponding applied voltage is known as breakdown voltage of p-n junction diode.
问题5:本征半导体中电子和空穴的比例是多少?
回答:
Number of electrons = ne
Number of holes = nh
In intrinsic semiconductor, ne = nh
ne/nh = 1