为什么同位素具有不同的物理性质？
原子分为两部分：原子结构和外核。带正电的质子和中性中子构成原子结构。额外原子核中的电子带负电。与所有元素和化合物一样，原子具有质量。由于质子，原子的质量主要集中在其原子核中。与电子和中子相比，质子的质量最大。
氢是最轻的元素，一个质子被一个氢原子核中的一个电子包围。每个原子的原子核都包含固定数量的质子，这些质子吸引相同数量的电子，原子变为电中性。离子可以通过从原子中添加或减去电子来形成。
The smallest unit of an element is an atom, which is made up of a compact, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
什么是同位素？
The term isotope primarily refers to variations in an element’s atomic mass or weight. It is also defined as variants of a specific element that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in the atom.
由于中子数量不等，元素同位素通常具有不同的质量。具有奇数原子序数的元素通常具有一种或两种稳定同位素，而具有偶数原子序数的元素通常具有三种或更多种稳定同位素。也有一些例外，例如碳、氦和铍。同位素通常由特定元素的名称在开头识别或表示，后跟连字符和质量数。
同位素的理化性质
当涉及给定元素的同位素的化学性质时，它们几乎相同或相同。不同同位素的化学性质几乎相同。然而，同位素的物理性质，如质量、熔点或沸点、密度和凝固点都是不同的。任何同位素的物理性质主要由其质量决定。了解这些差异使我们能够区分一种同位素和另一种同位素。
同位素的类型
同位素可分为稳定的或放射性的。
- 因此，放射性同位素经常被称为放射性同位素或放射性核素。
- 不会放射性衰变的同位素称为稳定同位素或稳定核素。
根据调查结果，地球上大约有 339 种天然存在的核素或同位素。其中，286 种被认为是原始核素，它们被认为自太阳系形成以来就已存在。
同位素的例子
- 最常见的例子是氢和碳同位素。当谈到元素氢时，它具有三种稳定的同位素：氕、氘和氚。这些同位素具有相同数量的质子，但具有不同数量的中子，其中氕为 0，氘为 1，氚为 2。
- 当我们观察碳时，我们可以看到它具有三种同位素：碳 12、碳 13 和碳 14。同位素的原子质量由数字 12、13 和 14 表示。在这种情况下，碳 12 是稳定同位素，而碳 14 主要是放射性同位素。
Why Isotopes have different Physical Properties?
- As isotopes of an element have the same number of electrons as an atom of that element due to the same chemical properties, they have similar chemical properties.
- They do, however, have a different number of neutrons, which affects their mass number. Isotopes contain the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.
- Isotopes are chemical element variants that differ in neutron number, despite the fact that all isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons in each atom.
- As a result, their physical properties differ.
示例问题
问题一：同位素是由谁发现的？
回答：
Frederick Soddy introduced the concept of isotopes in 1913, while explaining the aspects of radioactivity. Thomson discovered the first stable isotope of neon.
问题 2：定义同位素。
回答：
The term isotope primarily refers to variations in an element’s atomic mass or weight. Variants of a single element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in the atom are also known as isotopes.
问题3：同位素的物理化学性质是什么？
回答：
When it comes to the chemical properties of isotopes of a given element, they are nearly identical or identical. Chemical properties of different isotopes are nearly identical. However, physical properties of isotopes such as mass, melting or boiling point, density, and freezing point are all different. The physical properties of any isotope are primarily determined by its mass. Knowing the differences allows us to tell one isotope from another.
问题4：什么是天然同位素？
回答：
Isotopes are atoms with different masses of the same element. These different masses are obtained by having different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. They are, however, the same type of atom because their nuclei contain the same number of protons.
问题 5：什么导致同位素？
回答：
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Many elements are made up of one or more radioactive isotopes. These are known as radioisotopes. Their nuclei are unstable, deteriorating or decaying and emitting radiation.