算术级数和几何级数
英文中的“sequence”一词是指一些数字或对象的集合,它具有第一个成员,第二个成员,依此类推。例如,序列可以是任何东西。 - 一月二月, …。是一年中月份的序列。序列每天都在人们的现实生活中使用。一周中的几天也可以被视为一个序列。因此,研究序列并在其中找到模式变得至关重要,这样我们就可以预测序列的下一项并从中提取信息。
序列
让我们考虑一个序列:2,4,6,8 等等。其中出现的各种数称为其项。它们由 a 1 、 a 2 、 a 3 ... a n 表示。下标表示第 n 项。数列的第 n 项也称为数列的一般项,因为我们可以通过放置不同的 n 值从中推导出其他所有项。在这种情况下,
a 1 = 2、a 2 = 4、a 3 = 6 等等……
具有有限项的序列称为有限序列,类似地,具有无限项的序列称为无限序列。
A sequence can be regarded as a function whose domain is the set of natural numbers or some subset of it. Sometimes, we use the functional notation a(n) for an.
系列
对于给定的序列 a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ... a n 。下面给出的表达式称为系列。一个序列可以是无限的或有限的,这取决于它的序列具有的项数。 ∑ 是用于表示系列的常用符号。这表明所涉及的总和。
= a 1 + a 2 + a 3 +… a n
这些概念产生了称为算术级数和几何级数的序列。
算术级数(AP)
考虑一个序列 1, 3, 5, 7, ..... 请注意,在这个序列中,连续项之间的差是恒定的。这意味着在每个步骤中,都会将一个常数值添加到该序列的每个项中。如果 a n+1 = a n + d 其中 n 是任意自然数,则序列 a 1 、a 2 、a 3 ... a n可以称为算术级数。在这样的级数中,a 1称为第一项,常数项 d 称为 AP 的公差 所以,AP 看起来像,
a、a + d、a + 2d、a + 3d ..... 等等。
AP的第n个可以定义为,
a n = a 1 + (n-1)d
AP的n项之和由下式给出,
S n =
要么
S n =
几何级数(GP)
考虑以下序列,2, 4, 8, 16 ..... 这里很清楚,在这个序列中每个项都乘以 2。这种连续项乘以常数的序列称为几何级数。以更一般的方式,如果 a n+1 = a n ,则序列 a 1 、a 2 、a 3 ... a n可以称为几何级数。 r 其中 n 是任意自然数。在这样的级数中,a 1称为第一项,常数项 r 称为 GP 的公比 所以,GP 看起来像,
a, ar, ar 2 , ar n ..... 等等。
GP的第n个可以定义为,
a n = a 1 r n-1
一般来说,GP 可以是有限和无限的,但在无限 GP 的情况下,公比必须在 0 和 1 之间,否则 GP 的值会上升到无穷大。 GP总和包括两种情况:
让我们表示 S n是 a + ar + ar 2 + ..... ar n
情况 1:如果 r = 1,则序列折叠为
一个,一个,一个,一个……等等。
S n = 无
情况 2:如果 r≠1,则序列保持不变,
a + ar + ar 2 + ..... ar n
S n =
让我们看一些与这些概念相关的单词问题
示例问题
问题 1:一只比特币股票起价为 5 美元。之后,它每天上涨 2 美元。找出第 16 天结束时的股票价格。
回答:
In the above question, each time a constant number is added to the previous term to make a new term. This is an AP.
5, 7, 9, … and so on.
Using the formula for nth term of AP.
an = a1 + (n-1)d
Here a1 denotes the first term and d denotes the common difference. In this case ,
a1 = 5, d = 2 and n = 16
a10 = a1 + (16-1)d
⇒ a10 = 5 + (15)2
⇒ a10 = 5 + 30
⇒ a10 = 35
Thus, the stock prices are at $35.
问题 2:一个人在儿子出生时种了 3 棵树。之后,在随后的生日,他每年又种了 5 棵树。求他儿子 10 岁时他后院的树的数量。
回答:
In the above question, each time a constant number is added to the previous term to make a new term. This is an AP.
3, 8, 13, … and so on.
Using the formula for nth term of AP.
an = a1 + (n-1)d
Here a1 denotes the first term and d denotes the common difference. In this case,
a1 = 3, d = 5 and n = 10
a10 = a1 + (10-1)d
⇒ a10 = a1 + (9)d
⇒ a10 = 3 + 9(5)
⇒ a10 = 3 + 45
⇒ a10 = 48
Thus, there are 48 trees in his backyard now.
问题3:英国摇滚乐队the1975在夏天发行了一张新专辑,一天之内就卖出了10万张。现在这张专辑在排行榜上名列前茅,每天他们的销量比前一天多 20,000 张。找出一周内的专辑总销量。
回答:
In the above question, each time a constant number is added to the previous term to make a new term. This is an AP.
100,000; 120,000; 140,000; … and so on.
Goal is to calculate the sum of the sequence at the end of 10th day.
Using the formula for sum till nth term of AP.
Sn =
Here a denotes the first term and d denotes the common difference. In this case,
a = 100,000, d = 20,000 and n = 7
Sn =
⇒S7 =
⇒S7 =
⇒S7 =
⇒S7 =
⇒S7 =
⇒S7 = 770000
Thus, the total album sale is 770,000.
问题 4:科比特国家公园的鹿数量正在增加。 2015年是1000,此后一直在增加,每年2倍。求 2021 年的人口。
解决方案。
Here, every year the population becomes 2 times. A constant number is being multiplied to the previous term to get the new term. This is a geometric progression.
1000, 2000 … and so on.
Here a = 1000 and r= 2
Using the formula for nth term of the GP
an = a1rn-1
In 2021, n = 7. Plugging in the values in the formula
an = a1rn-1
⇒an = (1000)(2)(7-1)
⇒an = (1000)(2)6
⇒an = (1000)(64)
⇒an = 64000
There must be 64,000 deer in Corbett National Park now.
问题5:一个人有2个父母,4个祖父母,8个曾祖父母,等等。求这个家族最近 10 代的祖先数量。
解决方案。
Here, every year the number becomes 2 times. A constant number is being multiplied to the previous term to get the new term. This is a geometric progression.
2,4 … and so on.
Here a = 2 and r= 2
Using the formula for nth term of the GP
an = a1rn-1
In 2021, n = 10. Plugging in the values in the formula
an = a1rn-1
⇒an = (2)(2)(10-1)
⇒an = (2)(2)9
⇒an = (2)10
⇒an = 64000
There must be 64,000 deer in Corbett National Park now.
问题 6:在 4 到 256 之间插入两个数字,这样得到的序列就变成了 GP。
回答:
Let’s say those two numbers are x and y. The resulting sequence then becomes,
4, x, y, 256
This sequence has four terms and is a GP. Here,
a = 4 and r = ?
Formula for nth term of GP is
an = a1rn-1
4th term is 256,
256 = 4r(4 – 1)
64 = r3
This means that, r = 4
Thus,
x = ar
⇒ x = (4)(4)
⇒ x= 16
y = ar2
⇒ y = 4(4)2
⇒ y = 64
So, the two numbers to be inserted are 16 and 64
问题 7:一个盘子里的细菌数是 100,它们每小时都比原来的值增加一倍。 6 小时后找出培养皿中的细菌数量。
回答:
Here, every year the number becomes 2 times. A constant number is being multiplied to the previous term to get the new term. This is a geometric progression.
100,200, 400 … and so on.
Here a = 100 and r= 2
Using the formula for sum till nth term of the GP
Sn =
n = 6. Plugging in the values in the formula
Sn =
⇒Sn =
⇒ S6 =
⇒ S6 =
⇒ S6 =
⇒ S6 = 6300
There must be 63,00 bacteria in the dish now.