可分离方程是其中dy / dx = f(x,y)被称为可分离的方程,只要代数运算(通常是乘法,除法和因式分解)允许以可分离形式dy / dx = F(x)G( y)的一些函数F和G.可分离方程和关联的溶液方法由G.莱布尼茨发现在 1691 并由 伯努利 在1694年。
可分微分方程是解决的方法之一 一阶一阶微分方程。在这种方法中,使用变量分离来找到微分方程的一般解。一阶方程,一阶微分方程可以这样写:
我们可以将H(x,y)表示为f(x)g(y )的乘积。因此,可分离微分方程的方程为-
通过仅分离x和y并分别积分来解决微分代数的处理
识别可分离方程
为了使用可分离的微分方法求解微分方程,我们必须分离变量。更简而言之,一阶微分方程只有当且仅当可写为
如果无法进行分解,则该方程不可分离。
where,
f(x) is a function of x that does not contain y.
g(y) is a function of y that does not contain x.
如果可以进行分解,那么我们将其转化为这种形式以找到微分方程的一般解-
g(y)dy = f(x)dx
Note: In order to solve this type of differential equation we have to separate all y’s on one side and x’s on other side of the equal sign.
但是此方法不适用于所有方程式。
范例范例
例1:发现微分方程变量是否可分离?
解决方案:
As you can see the following differential equation can be expressed in the required form, so it can be solved using separation of variables.
f(x)dx = g(y)dy
示例2:发现微分方程dy / dx = f(x).g(y)是变量可分离的吗?
解决方案:
As you can see the following differential equation can be expressed in the required form, so it can be solved using separation of variables.
dy/g(y) = f(x)dx
示例3:发现微分方程dy / dx = f(x)+ g(y)是否可变量分离?
解决方案:
As you can see the following differential equation cannot be expressed in the required form, so it cannot be solved using separation of variables.
dy/dx = f(x) + g(y)
寻找可分离方程的特定解
因此,我们已经看到了如何“识别可分离方程式”,因此我们可以轻松地对其进行求解,以找到微分方程式的一般解。
通过以下步骤:
- 尝试分解给定微分方程中的x和y。
- 将x放在相等的一侧,将y放在另一侧。
- 现在将x和y的两边分别进行积分。不要忘记“ + C”(积分常数)。
样本问题
示例1:找到微分方程dy / dx =(x + 1)/(2-y),(y≠2)的一般解。
解决方案:
Steps 1- As you can see the following differential equation can be expressed in the required form, so it can be solved using separation of variables.
dy/dx = (x+1)/(2-y)
Step 2- Bring the x’s on side of equal and y’s on other side.
(2-y) dy = (x+1) dx
Step 3- Integrate both the sides respectively to x and y, C is the constant of integration.
∫(2-y) dy = ∫(x+1) dx
∫2 dy- ∫y dy = ∫x dx + ∫1 dx
2y − (y2/2) = (x2/2) + x + C
2y − (y2/2) − (x2/2) − x − C = 0
The general solution of the differential equation is-
2y − (y2/2) − (x2/2) − x − C = 0
示例2:找到微分方程dy / dx =(1 + y 2 )/(1 + x 2 )的一般解。
解决方案:
Since 1 + y2 ≠ 0, therefore separating the variables, in the given differential.
Step 1- As you can see the following differential equation can be expressed in the required form, so it can be solved using separation of variables.
dy/dx = (1+y2)/(1+x2)
Step 2- Bring the x’s on side of equal and y’s on other side.
dy/(1+y2) = dx/(1+x2)
Step 3- Integrate both the sides respectively to x and y, C is the constant of integration.
∫dy/(1+y2) = ∫dx/(1+x2)
Tan-1y = Tan-1x + C
Tan-1x – Tan-1y + C = 0
The general solution of the differential equation is-
Tan-1x – Tan-1y + C = 0
示例2:找到微分方程dy / dx = -4xy 2的一般解。
解决方案:
Since y2 ≠ 0, therefore separating the variables, in the given differential.
Step 1- As you can see the following differential equation can be expressed in the required form, so it can be solved using separation of variables.
dy/dx=-4xy2
Step 2- Bring the x’s on side of equal and y’s on other side.
dy/y2=-4x dx
Step 3- Integrate both the sides respectively to x and y, C is the constant of integration.
∫dy/y2=∫-4x dx
-(1/y)=-4(x2/2)+C
-(1/y)=-2x+C
-2x+(1/y)+C=0
The general solution of the differential equation is-
-2x+(1/y)+C=0
具有隐式解的可分离方程
据我们所知,如何识别和求解可分离的微分方程并找到它的一般解。现在我们将看到如何求解可分离的微分方程并找到隐式解。
一个隐式解决方案是当您有f(x,y)= g(x,y)时,这意味着y和x混合在一起。 y不仅仅用x表示。您可以在等号的两边都具有x和y,或者在一侧可以有y,而在另一侧可以具有x,y。将微分方程分为x和y部分。但是我们无法提出y = f(x)解决方案。这是因为这是一个隐式解决方案,也称为您无法编写的任何解决方案,例如y = f(x)。隐式是指因变量无法分开的情况。
查找隐式解与查找可分离微分方程的一般解几乎相同。
通过以下步骤-
- 尝试分解给定微分方程中的x和y。
- 将x放在相等的一侧,将y放在另一侧。
- 现在将x和y的两边分别进行积分。不要忘记“ + C”(积分常数)。
- 现在,我们将x和y的值放入有问题的一般解中,并找到C的值。
- 现在我们将C的值放在一般解中,并得到隐式解。
样本问题
示例1:求解以下微分方程dy / dx = 6xy 2 ,y(1)= 1/25。
解决方案:
Step 1- As you can see the following differential equation can be expressed in the required form, so it can be solved using separation of variables.
dy/dx=6xy2
Step 2- Bring the x’s on side of equal and y’s on other side.
dy/y2 = 6x dx
Step 3- Integrate both the sides respectively to x and y, C is the constant of integration.
∫dy/y2 = ∫6x dx
∫dy/y2 = 6∫x dx
-(1/y) = 6(x2/2)+C
-(1/y) = 3x2+C
The general solution of the differential equation is-
-(1/y) = 3x2+C
Step 4- Put the values of x and y in the general solution given in question and find the value of C.
-25 = 3+C
C = -28
The implicit solution is-
-(1/y) = 3x2-28
示例2:求解以下微分方程dy / dx =(3x 2 + 4x-4)/(2y-4),y(1)= 3。
解决方案:
Step 1- As you can see the following differential equation can be expressed in the required form, so it can be solved using separation of variables.
dy/dx = (3x2+4x-4)/(2y-4)
Step 2- Bring the x’s on side of equal and y’s on other side.
(2y-4)dy = (3x2+4x-4)dx
Step 3- Integrate both the sides respectively to x and y, C is the constant of integration.
∫(2y-4)dy = ∫(3x2+4x-4)dx
∫2y dy-∫4 dy = ∫3x2 dx+∫4x dx-∫4 dx
y2-4y = x3+2x2-4x+C
The general solution of the differential equation is-
y2-4y =x3+2x2-4x+C
Step 4- Put the values of x and y in the general solution given i n question and find the value of C.
32-4*3 = 13+2*12-4*1+C
C = -2
The implicit solution is-
y2-4y = x3+2x2-4x-2