电荷系统产生的电势
我们的手机和其他设备中的电池有时会写上电压。即使在我们的家中,几乎所有东西上都写有额定电压,告诉我们这些设备的安全工作范围。但是这个评分是多少?它背后的物理直觉是什么?电压通常是带电体在其周围形成的电势。该电位给出了存储在该电荷附近的电荷中的能量的概念。通常,在现实生活中,有许多复杂的系统会处理不止一种电荷。研究它们以及如何计算此类物体附近的电势至关重要。
电位
电势定义为两地之间每单位电荷的势能之差。为了检查在电场影响下两个位置之间的电势差,我们问自己,如果该电荷从这个位置移动到另一个位置,单位正电荷的势能会改变多少。用 V 表示,
V = PE/q
点电荷产生的电势
点收费如下图所示。同心圆代表等势。这意味着,在单个表面中的所有点上,电位都是相同的。目标是计算两点 A 和 B 之间的点电荷引起的电势。
电位差也称为电压,以伏特为单位进行测量。
电压AB = 电位差AB =
潜力被定义为差异;需要一个绝对潜力的公式。让我们修改上述公式以得出这个新定义。在无穷大时,假定电场和电势为零。现在,每个点的势将相对于无穷大进行计算,并给出势的绝对值。
现在,r B = 和 r A
电压AB =
=
现在,r B =
=
=
收费系统的潜在原因
单点充电在现实生活中很少遇到。现实生活中发现的大多数系统都包含多个电荷。对于点电荷系统,一个点的总电势由该点单个电荷的电势的代数和给出。下图代表了一个点收费系统。
例如,在包含电荷 q 1、 q 2的系统中, q 3在距离一个点 r 1P 、 r 2P和 r 3P处。然后,此时各个电荷的潜力将由下式给出,
V 1 = ,
V 2 = ,
V 3 =
由于这些点电荷的净电位由下式给出,
In general,
For a system of point charges containing charges q1, q2, q3,q4 …. at a distance of r1P, r2P and r3P…. from a point.
示例问题
问题 1:求距离 20pC 点电荷 2m 处的电势。
回答:
The potential due to a point charge is given by,
Here, q = 20 pC = 2 x 10-12C and r = 2 m.
Plugging the values into this equation,
V =
⇒ V =
⇒ V= 9 × 109 × 1 x 10-11
⇒ V= 9 x 10-2
问题 2:求距离 10pC 点电荷 5m 处的电势。
回答:
The potential due to a point charge is given by,
Here, q = 10 pC =10 x 10-12C and r = 5 m.
Plugging the values into this equation,
V =
⇒ V =
⇒ V= 9 × 109 × 2 × 10-12
⇒ V= 18 x 10-3
问题 3:求 1 m 距离处由于 10pC 和 -2pC 的电荷而产生的电势。
回答:
The potential due to a point charge is given by,
Here, q1 = 10 pC = 10 x 10-12C, q2 = -2 pC = -2 x 10-12C and r = 1 m.
Since there are two charges in the system, the total potential will be given by the superposition equation.
For two charges,
Plugging the values into this equation,
⇒ V= 36 × 10-3 V
问题4:求边a=2m正方形中心的电势,由于电荷为2pC和2pC。
回答:
The potential due to a point charge is given by,
Here, q1 = 2 pC = 2 x 10-12C, q2 = 2 pC = -2 x 10-12C
Since the square is of side a = 2. The length of the diagonal will be 2√2.
This distance of the point from both the charges will be √2.
Thus, r = √2
Since there are two charges in the system, the total potential will be given by the superposition equation.
For two charges,
Plugging the values into this equation,
问题 5:求原点处由于电荷 1pC 和 -1pC 位于 (0,1) 和 (2,0) 处的电势。
回答:
The potential due to a point charge is given by,
Here, q1 = 1 pC = 1 x 10-12C, q2 = 2 pC = -1 x 10-12C
The distance of these charges from the center is,
r1. = 1 and r2 = 2.
Since there are two charges in the system, the total potential will be given by the superposition equation.
For two charges,
Plugging the values into this equation,
问题 6:求原点处由于电荷 2pC 和 -10pC 位于 (0,3,4) 和 (0,0,5) 处的电势。
回答:
The potential due to a point charge is given by,
Here, q1 = 1 pC = 1 x 10-12C, q2 = 2 pC = -1 x 10-12C
The distance of these charges from the center is,
r1 = and r2 = 5.
Since there are two charges in the system, the total potential will be given by the superposition equation.
For two charges,
Plugging the values into this equation,