电荷是我们日常生活中也可以看到和体验的东西。电荷的概念首先出现在观察到琥珀吸引着像毛发这样的轻碎片之后,然后用丝绸布擦拭它的特征。科学家在那里思考了为什么会发生,然后他们收集了更多现实生活中的例子来理解为什么会发生。
其他示例包括用干燥的头发摩擦塑料梳子,然后将其吸引到纸上。所有这些示例导致对电荷的理解。众所周知,这些物体会获得电荷,因此被称为带电物体。
闪电是一种自然现象,是由于在柱状体内积累了电荷而引起的。相同种类的电荷彼此排斥,而不同种类的电荷彼此吸引。移动电荷代表电流。
本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)通过他著名的放风筝实验在1752年证明了闪电就是电。他设计避雷针是因为他希望自己的实验有用。
在猛烈的暴风雨中,气流向上移动,而水滴向下移动。这些剧烈的运动导致电荷分离。这将导致在靠近云的较高边缘处聚集正电荷,并且还会在靠近云的较低边缘处聚集电荷。此外,还会在底部附近积累正电荷。负电荷和正电荷相遇,制造出明亮的轻质和声音条纹。我们倾向于将条纹视为闪电。该方法被认为是一种火花。在完全不同的云之间或云之间以及地球之间进行放电的方法会引起闪电。雷击可能会破坏生命和财产。因此,有必要采取措施保护自己。
The Sparks that Greeks knew about
As early as 600 B.C., the ancient Greeks discovered that rubbing amber (a form of resin) with fur attracted light artifacts like hair etc. It may have noticed that hair hangs on ends when removed from woolen or polyester clothing. In the dusk, you can see a light and hear a crackling sound as you remove this clothing. Benjamin Franklin, an American astronomer, demonstrated in 1752 that lightning and clothing sparks are exactly the same phenomena. However, it took 2000 years for this realization to occur.
Let’s do some activities to better understand how electric charges function. But first, understand the concept of electric charges.
电荷
众所周知,原子是由亚原子粒子组成的,这些原子是:电子,质子和中子。这些粒子有一个共同点,那就是它们都带有电荷。
- 质子带正电荷,而电子带负电荷。
- 如果物体具有平衡比例的正负电荷,则称该物体为电中性或中子。
- 如果物体中的电子和质子之间存在过量,则认为该物体是带电的。
因此,通过各种方式(例如传导,感应或其他特殊方法)从一个物体传播到另一个物体的能量或电子的总和称为电荷。
电荷分为两类。收费有两种:正数和负数。
几乎所有类型的物体都可以发现电荷。中性充电的物体是不带电荷的物体。
摩擦充电
当两物摩擦在一起时,电子在它们之间转移,并且带电。而且,当橡胶气球与动物毛皮摩擦时,橡胶气球会吸引来自动物毛皮的电子。结果,橡胶具有丰富的电子,而毛皮则缺乏电子。这些被称为带电物体。
收费类型及其相互作用
收费有两种:正数和负数。因为所有物体都具有相等数量的正电荷和负电荷,所以它们是电中性的。
当正负电荷接近时,它们会吸引。
当两个正数或两个负数彼此接近时,它们会相互排斥。这些摩擦产生的电荷本质上是静态的。
让我们进行一项活动,以了解什么是不同类型的费用。
Activity
Rub two balloons with wool and keep them aside. Rub two pen refills with polythene and keeps them in a stand.
When the charged balloon is brought close to charged refill then they both attract each other. On the other hand, both charged balloons when brought close repelled each other, and similarly when both charged refills were brought together they repelled each other.
Results
- Charged balloon repelled another charged balloon.
- Charged refill repelled charged refill.
- On the contrary, the charged balloon attracted the charged refill.
Conclusion
- The charge on the ballon and the refill were different.
- The charge on both the balloons and both the refills were the same.
- Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other.
Other examples
- Positive charge acquired on glass rod when it is rubbed with silk cloth
- The negative charge on the plastic straw when rubbed with polythene.
费用转账
传导和感应是将电荷从一个物体转移到另一个物体的两种方法。因此,它们可以定义为:
- 导体:当带电物体与导体接触时,导体会将电荷转移到带电物体。
- 电感器:当带电粒子靠近中性物体时,电子在另一个物体中的位置会移动。
- 感应方法不涉及带电和不带电物体之间的物理相互作用,而导电过程则涉及。
验电器
这是一台可以确定物体是否带电的机器。 1787年,亚伯拉罕·本内特(Abraham Bennet)发明了金箔电笔。
- 验电器是一种革命性的实验仪器,用于检测人体上的电荷。
- 由库仑静电力引起的测试样品的运动用于检测电荷。
- 物体上的电荷量与其电压成正比。
由于金和银是良好的电导体,因此它们通常用于静电计的构造中。另一方面,也可以使用铜和铝。
垂直的黄铜棒连接到玻璃罐。通过软木塞,将杆降低到锅中。黄铜圆盘或水平杆固定在黄铜棒上,而另一端悬挂有两片金箔。
当充电力接触黄铜盘时,电荷从黄铜棒移至金箔。结果,金箔的叶子彼此远离,表明存在电荷。
接地
当已收费的项目取消收费后,即视为已放电。接地是带电物体将其电荷转移到地面的过程。
通常,任何房屋都配备有接地装置,以使其免受电流泄漏引起的电击的影响。
样题
问题1:什么是静力?
回答:
The force of attraction or repulsion veteran by charged objects is termed static force.
问题2:电荷的移动如何导致电荷守恒?
回答:
Since a neutral object has no charge at all, therefore when an object absorbs electrons from another object, the first object’s net negative charge equals the second object’s net positive charge. Charges are conserved in this manner when charges are transferred.
问题3:命名这两种费用,并说明两者之间存在哪种相互作用?
回答:
Positive and Negative are the two types of charges. Charges that are similar repel each other, whereas charges that are dissimilar attract each other.
问题4:什么是静电荷?它与电流有何不同?
回答:
The electric charges generated by rubbing are called static charges. The static charges do not move while charges move in electric current.
问题5:如果用塑料条代替验电器的铝条,使带电体与金属夹接触。会发生什么?
回答:
The plastic strips will show repulsion. Charges from the charge body will be transferred from the metal rod to the plastic strips. As a result, similar charges will develop on the plastic strips and repulsion will occur.
问题6:如果将带电的塑料吸管带到另一个不带电的塑料吸管附近,会发生什么情况?
回答:
Since both charged plastic straw and uncharged plastic straw have opposite charges on them, so they will attract each other.