Ionic键或电价键

化学键被定义为将各种化学成分（原子、离子等）在各种化学物质中保持在一起的吸引力。形成键是为了通过释放能量来实现稳定性。

Kossel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding: Atoms participate in bond formation to complete their octet or to acquire the electronic configuration of the nearest inert gas atoms, according to this theory (Octet rule). This is accomplished by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.

什么是Ionic键？

通过一个或多个电子从一个原子到另一个原子的完全转移，在两个原子之间形成化学键，使原子呈现它们最接近的惰性气体构型。两个原子结合以失去能量并变得稳定主要有三种方式。一种方法是捐赠或接受电子以完成它们的八位字节配置。这种类型的键称为离子键或电价键。当一个原子获得电子而另一个原子从其最外层或轨道失去电子时，就会形成这种类型的键。

The electrostatic force of attraction that holds two oppositely charged ions together is known as an ionic bond.

Ionic键产生离子化合物，最好的例子是非金属与碱金属和碱土金属之间形成的化合物。相反电荷之间的静电吸引力和相似电荷之间的排斥力使离子以这样的方式定向，即在这种类型的离子结晶固体中，每个正离子都被负离子包围，反之亦然。

简而言之，离子的排列方式使得正电荷和负电荷相互交替和平衡，导致整个物质的总电荷为零。离子晶体中的静电力非常强大。因此，这些物质通常是坚硬且不挥发的。

Electrovalent Bond

Electrovalent bonds are formed when electrons are transferred from one element’s atoms to another element’s atoms, resulting in positive and negative ions. The bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms is known as an electrovalent bond or an ionic bond. Only between metals and nonmetals do electrovalent bonds form. Between two non-metals, no electrovalent bonds are formed.

形成离子键的因素：

• 金属应具有尽可能低的电离焓。
• 必须在非金属中找到最高的电子增益焓。
• 一摩尔晶格形成过程中释放的能量，即晶格焓，一定很大。

电负性和Ionic键合

• 离子键是由价电子完全转移形成的稳定键。
• 这种类型的键合导致形成两个带相反电荷的离子——正离子称为阳离子，负离子称为阴离子。
• 当存在两个带相反电荷的离子时，它们之间具有很强的吸引力。这种力称为离子键或电价键。
• 具有较大电负性差异的原子之间形成Ionic键，而具有较小电负性差异的原子之间形成共价键。
• 离子化合物是由正离子和负离子的静电引力形成的化合物。

Ionic键的性质

1. Ionic键是所有键中最强大的。
2. 由于离子键具有电荷分离，因此它们是适当介质中所有键中最具反应性的。
3. 离子键合分子的熔点和沸点极高。
4. 水溶液或熔融状态中的Ionic键合分子是良好的电导体，因为离子的存在充当电荷载体。
5. 在自然界中，离子化合物通常是固体。
6. 晶体结构存在于离子化合物中。

什么是共价键？

The interatomic bond that arises from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms is known as a covalent bond in chemistry. The electrical attraction of their nuclei for the identical electrons causes the binding. When the total energy of the bound atoms is lower than that of widely spaced atoms, a covalent bond is formed.

无机元素氢、氮、氯、水和氨（H ₂ 、N ₂ 、Cl ₂ 、H ₂ O、NH ₃ ）以及所有有机分子都包含共价连接。共价键表示为连接分子结构表示中的原子对的实线。

具有碳-碳键的碳化合物称为共价碳化合物。这些共价分子之间的键比其他化学物质之间的键强。这是因为碳是一个微小的原子。它的核具有很高的吸引力，可以非常牢固地结合这些键。因此，共价碳分子之间具有很强的联系。

Ionic键和共价键的区别

它们之间的区别如下：

Ionic Bond	Covalent Bond
Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction of positive and negative ions in a crystal, and compounds held together by ionic bonds are known as ionic compounds.	When two atoms share one or more electron pairs, they form a covalent bond. Each atom contributes an equal number of electrons to the formation of the bond.
More ionic compounds are formed when the ionization potential difference between the two atoms is greater.	As atoms with higher ionization potential cannot lose their valence electrons, they prefer to form covalent bonds by sharing electrons.
The formation of an ionic bond is caused by atoms with a greater electronegativity difference. For instance, KCl.	If the electronegativities of the combining atoms are not significantly different, the bond formed between them is most likely covalent. For instance, HCl.

示例问题

问题一：Ionic键包含什么样的力？

回答：

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical connection in which one atom loses and gains valence electrons from another. This exchange results in a more stable noble gas electrical state for both atoms involved. An ionic bond is formed by the attractive electrostatic interactions of two oppositely charged ions.

问题2：离子键如何断裂？

回答：

As ionic chemicals are polar, they dissolve in polar solvents such as water. Polar solvents dissolve when the ionic bonds are broken. Ionic bonds can be broken by dissolving the ionic substance in water.

问题 3：定义化学键。

回答：

Chemical bonds are defined as the attractive force that is responsible for holding or holding the various constituents of atoms such as electrons, protons, neutrons, or any other ions together in various chemical species.

问题 4：给出 Lewis 化学键合方法的主要特点。

回答：

Lewis proposed that when atoms are linked together using chemical bonds, they form a stable octet. He also discovered that atoms have a positively charged centre called the nucleus and that the atom’s outer shell can hold up to eight electrons. These electrons are found at the cube’s four corners and revolve around the centre. Lewis also devised Lewis symbols, which are simple notations for representing valence electrons in an atom.

问题 5：八位字节规则是什么？

回答：

The octet rule tells us about atoms that tend to arrange their electrons in such a way that they have eight electrons in their outermost shell. Except for hydrogen and helium, which require only two electrons to complete their octet.

问题六：什么是保单？

回答：

The number of bonds between two atoms in a molecule is referred to as bond order. The difference between the bonding and antibonding number of electrons can be used to calculate it.