双连通分量

双连通分量是最大双连通子图。
双连通图已经在这里讨论过了。在本文中，我们将看到如何使用 John Hopcroft 和 Robert Tarjan 的算法在图中找到双连通分量。

在上图中，以下是双连接组件：

• 4-2 3-4 3-1 2-3 1-2
• 8–9
• 8–5 7–8 5–7
• 6–0 5–6 1–5 0–1
• 10-11

算法基于强连通分量文章中讨论的圆盘和低值。
想法是将访问的边存储在堆栈中，同时在图上进行 DFS 并继续寻找连接点（在上图中突出显示）。一旦找到连接点 u，从节点 u 开始的 DFS 访问的所有边都将形成一个双连通分量。当一个连接组件的 DFS 完成时，堆栈中存在的所有边将形成一个双连接组件。
如果图中没有关节点，则图是双连通的，因此将有一个双连通分量，即图本身。

C++

// A C++ program to find biconnected components in a given undirected graph
#include 
#include 
#include 
#define NIL -1
using namespace std;
int count = 0;
class Edge {
public:
    int u;
    int v;
    Edge(int u, int v);
};
Edge::Edge(int u, int v)
{
    this->u = u;
    this->v = v;
}
 
// A class that represents an directed graph
class Graph {
    int V; // No. of vertices
    int E; // No. of edges
    list* adj; // A dynamic array of adjacency lists
 
    // A Recursive DFS based function used by BCC()
    void BCCUtil(int u, int disc[], int low[],
                 list* st, int parent[]);
 
public:
    Graph(int V); // Constructor
    void addEdge(int v, int w); // function to add an edge to graph
    void BCC(); // prints strongly connected components
};
 
Graph::Graph(int V)
{
    this->V = V;
    this->E = 0;
    adj = new list[V];
}
 
void Graph::addEdge(int v, int w)
{
    adj[v].push_back(w);
    E++;
}
 
// A recursive function that finds and prints strongly connected
// components using DFS traversal
// u --> The vertex to be visited next
// disc[] --> Stores discovery times of visited vertices
// low[] -- >> earliest visited vertex (the vertex with minimum
// discovery time) that can be reached from subtree
// rooted with current vertex
// *st -- >> To store visited edges
void Graph::BCCUtil(int u, int disc[], int low[], list* st,
                    int parent[])
{
    // A static variable is used for simplicity, we can avoid use
    // of static variable by passing a pointer.
    static int time = 0;
 
    // Initialize discovery time and low value
    disc[u] = low[u] = ++time;
    int children = 0;
 
    // Go through all vertices adjacent to this
    list::iterator i;
    for (i = adj[u].begin(); i != adj[u].end(); ++i) {
        int v = *i; // v is current adjacent of 'u'
 
        // If v is not visited yet, then recur for it
        if (disc[v] == -1) {
            children++;
            parent[v] = u;
            // store the edge in stack
            st->push_back(Edge(u, v));
            BCCUtil(v, disc, low, st, parent);
 
            // Check if the subtree rooted with 'v' has a
            // connection to one of the ancestors of 'u'
            // Case 1 -- per Strongly Connected Components Article
            low[u] = min(low[u], low[v]);
 
            // If u is an articulation point,
            // pop all edges from stack till u -- v
            if ((disc[u] == 1 && children > 1) || (disc[u] > 1 && low[v] >= disc[u])) {
                while (st->back().u != u || st->back().v != v) {
                    cout << st->back().u << "--" << st->back().v << " ";
                    st->pop_back();
                }
                cout << st->back().u << "--" << st->back().v;
                st->pop_back();
                cout << endl;
                count++;
            }
        }
 
        // Update low value of 'u' only of 'v' is still in stack
        // (i.e. it's a back edge, not cross edge).
        // Case 2 -- per Strongly Connected Components Article
        else if (v != parent[u]) {
            low[u] = min(low[u], disc[v]);
            if (disc[v] < disc[u]) {
                st->push_back(Edge(u, v));
            }
        }
    }
}
 
// The function to do DFS traversal. It uses BCCUtil()
void Graph::BCC()
{
    int* disc = new int[V];
    int* low = new int[V];
    int* parent = new int[V];
    list* st = new list[E];
 
    // Initialize disc and low, and parent arrays
    for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
        disc[i] = NIL;
        low[i] = NIL;
        parent[i] = NIL;
    }
 
    for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
        if (disc[i] == NIL)
            BCCUtil(i, disc, low, st, parent);
 
        int j = 0;
        // If stack is not empty, pop all edges from stack
        while (st->size() > 0) {
            j = 1;
            cout << st->back().u << "--" << st->back().v << " ";
            st->pop_back();
        }
        if (j == 1) {
            cout << endl;
            count++;
        }
    }
}
 
// Driver program to test above function
int main()
{
    Graph g(12);
    g.addEdge(0, 1);
    g.addEdge(1, 0);
    g.addEdge(1, 2);
    g.addEdge(2, 1);
    g.addEdge(1, 3);
    g.addEdge(3, 1);
    g.addEdge(2, 3);
    g.addEdge(3, 2);
    g.addEdge(2, 4);
    g.addEdge(4, 2);
    g.addEdge(3, 4);
    g.addEdge(4, 3);
    g.addEdge(1, 5);
    g.addEdge(5, 1);
    g.addEdge(0, 6);
    g.addEdge(6, 0);
    g.addEdge(5, 6);
    g.addEdge(6, 5);
    g.addEdge(5, 7);
    g.addEdge(7, 5);
    g.addEdge(5, 8);
    g.addEdge(8, 5);
    g.addEdge(7, 8);
    g.addEdge(8, 7);
    g.addEdge(8, 9);
    g.addEdge(9, 8);
    g.addEdge(10, 11);
    g.addEdge(11, 10);
    g.BCC();
    cout << "Above are " << count << " biconnected components in graph";
    return 0;
}

Java

// A Java program to find biconnected components in a given
// undirected graph
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
 
// This class represents a directed graph using adjacency
// list representation
class Graph {
    private int V, E; // No. of vertices & Edges respectively
    private LinkedList adj[]; // Adjacency List
 
    // Count is number of biconnected components. time is
    // used to find discovery times
    static int count = 0, time = 0;
 
    class Edge {
        int u;
        int v;
        Edge(int u, int v)
        {
            this.u = u;
            this.v = v;
        }
    };
 
    // Constructor
    Graph(int v)
    {
        V = v;
        E = 0;
        adj = new LinkedList[v];
        for (int i = 0; i < v; ++i)
            adj[i] = new LinkedList();
    }
 
    // Function to add an edge into the graph
    void addEdge(int v, int w)
    {
        adj[v].add(w);
        E++;
    }
 
    // A recursive function that finds and prints strongly connected
    // components using DFS traversal
    // u --> The vertex to be visited next
    // disc[] --> Stores discovery times of visited vertices
    // low[] -- >> earliest visited vertex (the vertex with minimum
    // discovery time) that can be reached from subtree
    // rooted with current vertex
    // *st -- >> To store visited edges
    void BCCUtil(int u, int disc[], int low[], LinkedList st,
                 int parent[])
    {
 
        // Initialize discovery time and low value
        disc[u] = low[u] = ++time;
        int children = 0;
 
        // Go through all vertices adjacent to this
        Iterator it = adj[u].iterator();
        while (it.hasNext()) {
            int v = it.next(); // v is current adjacent of 'u'
 
            // If v is not visited yet, then recur for it
            if (disc[v] == -1) {
                children++;
                parent[v] = u;
 
                // store the edge in stack
                st.add(new Edge(u, v));
                BCCUtil(v, disc, low, st, parent);
 
                // Check if the subtree rooted with 'v' has a
                // connection to one of the ancestors of 'u'
                // Case 1 -- per Strongly Connected Components Article
                if (low[u] > low[v])
                    low[u] = low[v];
 
                // If u is an articulation point,
                // pop all edges from stack till u -- v
                if ((disc[u] == 1 && children > 1) || (disc[u] > 1 && low[v] >= disc[u])) {
                    while (st.getLast().u != u || st.getLast().v != v) {
                        System.out.print(st.getLast().u + "--" + st.getLast().v + " ");
                        st.removeLast();
                    }
                    System.out.println(st.getLast().u + "--" + st.getLast().v + " ");
                    st.removeLast();
 
                    count++;
                }
            }
 
            // Update low value of 'u' only if 'v' is still in stack
            // (i.e. it's a back edge, not cross edge).
            // Case 2 -- per Strongly Connected Components Article
            else if (v != parent[u] && disc[v] < disc[u] ) {
                if (low[u] > disc[v])
                    low[u] = disc[v];
 
                st.add(new Edge(u, v));
            }
        }
    }
 
    // The function to do DFS traversal. It uses BCCUtil()
    void BCC()
    {
        int disc[] = new int[V];
        int low[] = new int[V];
        int parent[] = new int[V];
        LinkedList st = new LinkedList();
 
        // Initialize disc and low, and parent arrays
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
            disc[i] = -1;
            low[i] = -1;
            parent[i] = -1;
        }
 
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
            if (disc[i] == -1)
                BCCUtil(i, disc, low, st, parent);
 
            int j = 0;
 
            // If stack is not empty, pop all edges from stack
            while (st.size() > 0) {
                j = 1;
                System.out.print(st.getLast().u + "--" + st.getLast().v + " ");
                st.removeLast();
            }
            if (j == 1) {
                System.out.println();
                count++;
            }
        }
    }
 
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        Graph g = new Graph(12);
        g.addEdge(0, 1);
        g.addEdge(1, 0);
        g.addEdge(1, 2);
        g.addEdge(2, 1);
        g.addEdge(1, 3);
        g.addEdge(3, 1);
        g.addEdge(2, 3);
        g.addEdge(3, 2);
        g.addEdge(2, 4);
        g.addEdge(4, 2);
        g.addEdge(3, 4);
        g.addEdge(4, 3);
        g.addEdge(1, 5);
        g.addEdge(5, 1);
        g.addEdge(0, 6);
        g.addEdge(6, 0);
        g.addEdge(5, 6);
        g.addEdge(6, 5);
        g.addEdge(5, 7);
        g.addEdge(7, 5);
        g.addEdge(5, 8);
        g.addEdge(8, 5);
        g.addEdge(7, 8);
        g.addEdge(8, 7);
        g.addEdge(8, 9);
        g.addEdge(9, 8);
        g.addEdge(10, 11);
        g.addEdge(11, 10);
 
        g.BCC();
 
        System.out.println("Above are " + g.count + " biconnected components in graph");
    }
}
// This code is contributed by Aakash Hasija

Python3

# Python program to find biconnected components in a given
# undirected graph
# Complexity : O(V + E)
 
  
from collections import defaultdict
  
# This class represents an directed graph
# using adjacency list representation
class Graph:
  
    def __init__(self, vertices):
        # No. of vertices
        self.V = vertices
         
        # default dictionary to store graph
        self.graph = defaultdict(list)
         
        # time is used to find discovery times
        self.Time = 0
         
        # Count is number of biconnected components
        self.count = 0
  
    # function to add an edge to graph
    def addEdge(self, u, v):
        self.graph[u].append(v)
        self.graph[v].append(u)
 
    '''A recursive function that finds and prints strongly connected
    components using DFS traversal
    u --> The vertex to be visited next
    disc[] --> Stores discovery times of visited vertices
    low[] -- >> earliest visited vertex (the vertex with minimum
               discovery time) that can be reached from subtree
               rooted with current vertex
    st -- >> To store visited edges'''
    def BCCUtil(self, u, parent, low, disc, st):
 
        # Count of children in current node
        children = 0
 
        # Initialize discovery time and low value
        disc[u] = self.Time
        low[u] = self.Time
        self.Time += 1
 
 
        # Recur for all the vertices adjacent to this vertex
        for v in self.graph[u]:
            # If v is not visited yet, then make it a child of u
            # in DFS tree and recur for it
            if disc[v] == -1 :
                parent[v] = u
                children += 1
                st.append((u, v)) # store the edge in stack
                self.BCCUtil(v, parent, low, disc, st)
 
                # Check if the subtree rooted with v has a connection to
                # one of the ancestors of u
                # Case 1 -- per Strongly Connected Components Article
                low[u] = min(low[u], low[v])
 
                # If u is an articulation point, pop
                # all edges from stack till (u, v)
                if parent[u] == -1 and children > 1 or parent[u] != -1 and low[v] >= disc[u]:
                    self.count += 1 # increment count
                    w = -1
                    while w != (u, v):
                        w = st.pop()
                        print(w,end=" ")
                    print()
             
            elif v != parent[u] and low[u] > disc[v]:
                '''Update low value of 'u' only of 'v' is still in stack
                (i.e. it's a back edge, not cross edge).
                Case 2
                -- per Strongly Connected Components Article'''
 
                low[u] = min(low [u], disc[v])
     
                st.append((u, v))
 
 
    # The function to do DFS traversal.
    # It uses recursive BCCUtil()
    def BCC(self):
         
        # Initialize disc and low, and parent arrays
        disc = [-1] * (self.V)
        low = [-1] * (self.V)
        parent = [-1] * (self.V)
        st = []
 
        # Call the recursive helper function to
        # find articulation points
        # in DFS tree rooted with vertex 'i'
        for i in range(self.V):
            if disc[i] == -1:
                self.BCCUtil(i, parent, low, disc, st)
 
            # If stack is not empty, pop all edges from stack
            if st:
                self.count = self.count + 1
 
                while st:
                    w = st.pop()
                    print(w,end=" ")
                print ()
 
# Create a graph given in the above diagram
 
g = Graph(12)
g.addEdge(0, 1)
g.addEdge(1, 2)
g.addEdge(1, 3)
g.addEdge(2, 3)
g.addEdge(2, 4)
g.addEdge(3, 4)
g.addEdge(1, 5)
g.addEdge(0, 6)
g.addEdge(5, 6)
g.addEdge(5, 7)
g.addEdge(5, 8)
g.addEdge(7, 8)
g.addEdge(8, 9)
g.addEdge(10, 11)
 
g.BCC();
print ("Above are % d biconnected components in graph" %(g.count));
 
# This code is contributed by Neelam Yadav

C#

// A C# program to find biconnected components in a given
// undirected graph
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
 
// This class represents a directed graph using adjacency
// list representation
public class Graph
{
    private int V, E; // No. of vertices & Edges respectively
    private List []adj; // Adjacency List
 
    // Count is number of biconnected components. time is
    // used to find discovery times
    int count = 0, time = 0;
 
    class Edge
    {
        public int u;
        public int v;
        public Edge(int u, int v)
        {
            this.u = u;
            this.v = v;
        }
    };
 
    // Constructor
    public Graph(int v)
    {
        V = v;
        E = 0;
        adj = new List[v];
        for (int i = 0; i < v; ++i)
            adj[i] = new List();
    }
 
    // Function to add an edge into the graph
    void addEdge(int v, int w)
    {
        adj[v].Add(w);
        E++;
    }
 
    // A recursive function that finds and prints strongly connected
    // components using DFS traversal
    // u --> The vertex to be visited next
    // disc[] --> Stores discovery times of visited vertices
    // low[] -- >> earliest visited vertex (the vertex with minimum
    // discovery time) that can be reached from subtree
    // rooted with current vertex
    // *st -- >> To store visited edges
    void BCCUtil(int u, int []disc, int []low, List st,
                int []parent)
    {
 
        // Initialize discovery time and low value
        disc[u] = low[u] = ++time;
        int children = 0;
 
        // Go through all vertices adjacent to this
        foreach(int it in adj[u])
        {
            int v = it; // v is current adjacent of 'u'
 
            // If v is not visited yet, then recur for it
            if (disc[v] == -1)
            {
                children++;
                parent[v] = u;
 
                // store the edge in stack
                st.Add(new Edge(u, v));
                BCCUtil(v, disc, low, st, parent);
 
                // Check if the subtree rooted with 'v' has a
                // connection to one of the ancestors of 'u'
                // Case 1 -- per Strongly Connected Components Article
                if (low[u] > low[v])
                    low[u] = low[v];
 
                // If u is an articulation point,
                // pop all edges from stack till u -- v
                if ((disc[u] == 1 && children > 1) ||
                    (disc[u] > 1 && low[v] >= disc[u]))
                {
                    while (st[st.Count-1].u != u ||
                           st[st.Count-1].v != v)
                    {
                        Console.Write(st[st.Count - 1].u + "--" +
                                      st[st.Count - 1].v + " ");
                        st.RemoveAt(st.Count - 1);
                    }
                    Console.WriteLine(st[st.Count - 1].u + "--" +
                                       st[st.Count - 1].v + " ");
                    st.RemoveAt(st.Count - 1);
 
                    count++;
                }
            }
 
            // Update low value of 'u' only if 'v' is still in stack
            // (i.e. it's a back edge, not cross edge).
            // Case 2 -- per Strongly Connected Components Article
            else if (v != parent[u] && disc[v] < disc[u] )
            {
                if (low[u] > disc[v])
                    low[u] = disc[v];
 
                st.Add(new Edge(u, v));
            }
        }
    }
 
    // The function to do DFS traversal. It uses BCCUtil()
    void BCC()
    {
        int []disc = new int[V];
        int []low = new int[V];
        int []parent = new int[V];
        List st = new List();
 
        // Initialize disc and low, and parent arrays
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
        {
            disc[i] = -1;
            low[i] = -1;
            parent[i] = -1;
        }
 
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
        {
            if (disc[i] == -1)
                BCCUtil(i, disc, low, st, parent);
 
            int j = 0;
 
            // If stack is not empty, pop all edges from stack
            while (st.Count > 0)
            {
                j = 1;
                Console.Write(st[st.Count - 1].u + "--" +
                            st[st.Count - 1].v + " ");
                st.RemoveAt(st.Count - 1);
            }
            if (j == 1)
            {
                Console.WriteLine();
                count++;
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void Main(String []args)
    {
        Graph g = new Graph(12);
        g.addEdge(0, 1);
        g.addEdge(1, 0);
        g.addEdge(1, 2);
        g.addEdge(2, 1);
        g.addEdge(1, 3);
        g.addEdge(3, 1);
        g.addEdge(2, 3);
        g.addEdge(3, 2);
        g.addEdge(2, 4);
        g.addEdge(4, 2);
        g.addEdge(3, 4);
        g.addEdge(4, 3);
        g.addEdge(1, 5);
        g.addEdge(5, 1);
        g.addEdge(0, 6);
        g.addEdge(6, 0);
        g.addEdge(5, 6);
        g.addEdge(6, 5);
        g.addEdge(5, 7);
        g.addEdge(7, 5);
        g.addEdge(5, 8);
        g.addEdge(8, 5);
        g.addEdge(7, 8);
        g.addEdge(8, 7);
        g.addEdge(8, 9);
        g.addEdge(9, 8);
        g.addEdge(10, 11);
        g.addEdge(11, 10);
 
        g.BCC();
 
        Console.WriteLine("Above are " + g.count +
                        " biconnected components in graph");
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by PrinciRaj1992

Javascript

// A Javascript program to find biconnected components in a given
// undirected graph
 
class Edge
{
    constructor(u,v)
    {
        this.u = u;
            this.v = v;
    }
}
 
// This class represents a directed graph using adjacency
// list representation
class Graph
{
    // Constructor
    constructor(v)
    {
        this.count=0;
        this.time = 0;
        this.V = v;
        this.E = 0;
        this.adj = new Array(v);
        for (let i = 0; i < v; ++i)
            this.adj[i] = [];
    }
     
    // Function to add an edge into the graph
    addEdge(v,w)
    {
        this.adj[v].push(w);
        this.E++;
    }
     
    // A recursive function that finds and prints strongly connected
    // components using DFS traversal
    // u --> The vertex to be visited next
    // disc[] --> Stores discovery times of visited vertices
    // low[] -- >> earliest visited vertex (the vertex with minimum
    // discovery time) that can be reached from subtree
    // rooted with current vertex
    // *st -- >> To store visited edges
    BCCUtil(u,disc,low,st,parent)
    {
        // Initialize discovery time and low value
        disc[u] = low[u] = ++this.time;
        let children = 0;
   
        // Go through all vertices adjacent to this
         
        for(let it of this.adj[u].values()) {
            let v = it; // v is current adjacent of 'u'
   
            // If v is not visited yet, then recur for it
            if (disc[v] == -1) {
                children++;
                parent[v] = u;
   
                // store the edge in stack
                st.push(new Edge(u, v));
                this.BCCUtil(v, disc, low, st, parent);
   
                // Check if the subtree rooted with 'v' has a
                // connection to one of the ancestors of 'u'
                // Case 1 -- per Strongly Connected Components Article
                if (low[u] > low[v])
                    low[u] = low[v];
   
                // If u is an articulation point,
                // pop all edges from stack till u -- v
                if ((disc[u] == 1 && children > 1) || (disc[u] > 1 && low[v] >= disc[u])) {
                    while (st[st.length-1].u != u || st[st.length-1].v != v) {
                        document.write(st[st.length-1].u + "--" + st[st.length-1].v + " ");
                        st.pop();
                    }
                    document.write(st[st.length-1].u + "--" + st[st.length-1].v + " <br>");
                    st.pop();
   
                    this.count++;
                }
            }
   
            // Update low value of 'u' only if 'v' is still in stack
            // (i.e. it's a back edge, not cross edge).
            // Case 2 -- per Strongly Connected Components Article
            else if (v != parent[u] && disc[v] < disc[u] ) {
                if (low[u] > disc[v])
                    low[u] = disc[v];
   
                st.push(new Edge(u, v));
            }
        }
    }
     
    // The function to do DFS traversal. It uses BCCUtil()
    BCC()
    {
        let disc = new Array(this.V);
        let low = new Array(this.V);
        let parent = new Array(this.V);
        let st = [];
   
        // Initialize disc and low, and parent arrays
        for (let i = 0; i < this.V; i++) {
            disc[i] = -1;
            low[i] = -1;
            parent[i] = -1;
        }
   
        for (let i = 0; i < this.V; i++) {
            if (disc[i] == -1)
                this.BCCUtil(i, disc, low, st, parent);
   
            let j = 0;
   
            // If stack is not empty, pop all edges from stack
            while (st.length > 0) {
                j = 1;
                document.write(st[st.length-1].u + "--" + st[st.length-1].v + " ");
                st.pop();
            }
            if (j == 1) {
                document.write("<br>");
                this.count++;
            }
    }
}
}
 
let g = new Graph(12);
g.addEdge(0, 1);
g.addEdge(1, 0);
g.addEdge(1, 2);
g.addEdge(2, 1);
g.addEdge(1, 3);
g.addEdge(3, 1);
g.addEdge(2, 3);
g.addEdge(3, 2);
g.addEdge(2, 4);
g.addEdge(4, 2);
g.addEdge(3, 4);
g.addEdge(4, 3);
g.addEdge(1, 5);
g.addEdge(5, 1);
g.addEdge(0, 6);
g.addEdge(6, 0);
g.addEdge(5, 6);
g.addEdge(6, 5);
g.addEdge(5, 7);
g.addEdge(7, 5);
g.addEdge(5, 8);
g.addEdge(8, 5);
g.addEdge(7, 8);
g.addEdge(8, 7);
g.addEdge(8, 9);
g.addEdge(9, 8);
g.addEdge(10, 11);
g.addEdge(11, 10);
 
g.BCC();
 
document.write("Above are " + g.count + " biconnected components in graph");
 
// This code is contributed by avanitrachhadiya2155

输出：

4--2 3--4 3--1 2--3 1--2
8--9
8--5 7--8 5--7
6--0 5--6 1--5 0--1 
10--11
Above are 5 biconnected components in graph