在数学中,圆是一种形状,它包含平面中的所有点,并且这些点与给定点等距。给定的点称为圆的中心。换句话说,它是一条曲线,该曲线由在平面中移动的点跟踪,因此与该平面中的固定点的距离始终是恒定的。圆上的一点到圆的中心之间的距离称为圆的半径,而弦穿过圆的中心时称为直径或圆。
圆的标准方程
为了从圆上找到标准,我们假设A(h,k)是圆的中心,r是圆的半径,P(x,y)是圆周上的任意点。
然后,AP = r…..(i)
现在,使用距离公式,我们可以找到AP的值
AP =
现在将AP的值放在eq(i)中,我们得到
= r
或平方双方,我们得到
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
这是圆周上任何点的坐标之间的关系,因此这是圆心在A(h,k)且半径等于r的圆的必要方程。现在,我们将看到圆的标准方程式的变化:
Case 1: When centre of the circle is at the origin(0, 0) and radius in r.
h = 0 and k = 0
On substituting in the standard equation of circle, we get
x2 + y2 = r2
Case 2: When the circle passes through the origin.
Here, let centre be A(h, k) and O be the origin which passes through circle.
Draw AM⊥OM
In △AMO, OA2 = OM2 + AM2
r2 = h2 + k2
On substituting in the standard equation of circle, we get
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = h2 + k2
x2 + y2 – 2hx – 2ky = 0
Case 3: When circle touched x-axis
Here, let centre be A(h, k). Since the circle touches the x-axis,
k = r
On substituting in the standard equation of circle, we get
(x – h)2 + (y – r)2 = r2
x2 + y2 – 2hx – 2ry + h2 = 0
Case 4: When circle touched x-axis
Here, let centre be A(h, k). Since the circle touches the x-axis,
h = r
On substituting in the standard equation of circle, we get
(x – r)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
x2 + y2 – 2rx – 2ky + k2 = 0
Case 5: When the circle touched both the axes.
Here, h = k = r
On substituting in the standard equation of circle, we get
(x – r)2 + (y – r)2 = r2
x2 + y2 – 2rx – 2ry + r2 = 0
Case 6: When the circle passes through the origin and centre lies on x-axis.
Here, k = 0 and h = r
On substituting in the standard equation of circle, we get
(x – r)2 + (y – 0)2 = r2
x2 + y2 – 2rx = 0
Case 7: When the circle passes through the origin and centre lies on y-axis.
Here, h = 0 and k = r
On substituting in the standard equation of circle, we get
(x – 0)2 + (y – r)2 = r2
x2 + y2 – 2ry = 0
样本问题
问题1.从给定的方程式中找到圆的中心和半径:
x 2 +(y + 2) 2 = 9
解决方案:
After rearranging, we get
(x – 0)2 + (y – (-2))2 = 32
On comparing with the standard equation of circle, we have
h = 0, k = -2 and r = 3
So the centre of the circle is (0, -2)
and the radius of the circle = 3
问题2。根据给定的方程式求出圆的中心和半径:
x 2 + y 2 + 6x – 4y + 4 = 0
解决方案:
We have,
(x2 + 6x) + (y2 – 4y) = – 4
To make it a perfect square identity, add and subtract 9 and 4,
(x2 + 6x + 9) + (y2 – 4y + 4) – 9 – 4 = – 4
(x + 3)2 + (y – 2)2 = – 4 + 4 + 9
(x – (-3))2 + (y – 2)2 = 9
(x – (-3))2 + (y – 2)2 =32
On comparing with the standard equation of circle, we have
h = -3, k = 2 and r = 3
So the centre of the circle is (-3, 2)
and the radius of the circle = 3
从其标准方程式绘制一个圆
众所周知,圆的标准方程为
(x – h) 2 +(y – k) 2 = r 2
此处,圆的中心为(h,k),圆的半径为r。现在让我们举一个例子:
圆的方程为(x + 2) 2 +(y – 6) 2 = 4
我们可以将这个等式改写为
(x –(-2)) 2 +(y – 6) 2 = 2 2
通过与圆的标准方程进行比较,我们得到
圆的中心是(-2,6),圆的半径是2。
现在,我们将在图形上绘制一个圆。
步骤1:绘制x和y轴
步骤2:在图表上画出圆心(-2,6)
步骤3:从圆圈的中心沿四个方向标记任意四个点,这些点与中心之间的距离为2。
第4步:将所有这些点连接起来就可以画一个圆圈。
圆的展开式
现在,我们将找到一个圆的展开方程。因此,让我们假设A(h,k)是圆的中心,r是圆的半径,P(x,y)是圆周上的任何点。
那么AP = r…(i)
在直角△ACP中,
AP 2 = AC 2 + PC 2
r 2 =(x – h) 2 +(y – k) 2
进一步扩展,我们得到
(x – h) 2 +(y – k) 2 = r 2
(x 2 – 2hx + h 2 )+(y 2 – 2ky + k 2 )= r 2
如果我们将r 2带到左侧并重新排列,我们得到
圆的展开式:
x2 – 2hx + h2 + y2 – 2ky + k2 – r2 = 0
示例:使用以下公式找到圆的中心和半径:x 2 + y 2 – 4x + 6y = 12。
解决方案:
Given: x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y = 12
We can write as
(x2 – 4x) + (y2 – 6y) = 12
By manipulating identity, we get
(x2 – 4x + 4) + (y2 – 6y + 9) – 9 – 4 = 12
(x2 – 4x + 4) + (y2 – 6y + 9) = 12 + 9 + 4
(x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 25
(x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 52
On comparing with the standard equation of circle, we have
h = 2, k = 3 and r = 5
圆的一般方程
圆的一般方程为:
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
对于g,f和c的所有值。
现在,在等式两边加g 2 + f 2 ,我们得到
(x 2 + 2gx + g 2 )+(y 2 + 2fy + f 2 )= g 2 + f 2 − c
As(x + g) 2 = x 2 + 2gx + g 2和(y + f) 2 = y 2 + 2fy + f 2
(x + g) 2 +(y + f) 2 = g 2 + f 2 – c
(x –(-g)) 2 +(y –(-f)) 2 = g 2 + f 2 – c…………。(1)
通过将eq(1)与标准方程式进行比较,我们得到
h = -g,k = -f
r 2 = g 2 + f 2 -c
其中(h,k)是中心,“ r”是圆的半径。
因此,
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0,表示圆的中心(-g,-f),半径(r)等于r 2 = g 2 + f 2 -c。
- 如果g 2 + f 2 > c,则圆的半径为实。
- 如果g 2 + f 2 = c,则圆的半径为零,这告诉我们圆是与中心重合的点。这种类型的圆称为点圆
- g 2 + f 2
虚数。因此,它是一个具有实心和假想半径的圆。
圆的一般方程x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0的某些特征如下:
- x和y均为平方。
- x 2 = y 2的系数。 (建议将x 2和y 2的系数保持一致)
- 没有包含xy的项,即xy的系数为零。
- 它包含三个任意常量,即。 g,f和c。
样本问题
问题1.找到以(-3,-2)为中心,半径为6的圆的方程。
解决方案:
Given: h = -3, k = -2, and, r = 6
Using the standard equation of circle,
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
(x – (-3))2 + (y – (-2))2 = 62
(x + 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 62
x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 + 4y + 4 = 36
Hence, the required equation is
x2 + y2 + 6x + 4y – 23 = 0
问题2。找到半径为7,中心为原点的圆的方程。
解决方案:
Given : r = 7 and the centre = (0, 0)
Using the standard equation of circle,
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
x2 + y2 = r2
x2 + y2 = 72
Hence, the required equation is
x2 + y2 – 49 = 0
问题3.求等式给出的圆的半径和中心
2x 2 + 2y 2 + 8x + 12y – 38 = 0
解决方案:
In the given equation the coefficients of x2 and y2 are not unity.
Firstly, lets make them unity by dividing equation by 2,
x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y – 19 = 0
So, the coordinates of the centre are (-2, -3)
and, Radius =
Radius =
Radius = 4√2
问题4.找到通过点(1、0),(-1、0)和(0、1)的圆的方程。
解决方案:
Let the required circle be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
As, it passes through (1, 0), (-1, 0), and (0, 1). Hence, they will satisfy the equation
By substituting them, we get
1 + 2g + c = 0 ……..(1)
1 – 2g + c = 0 ……..(2)
1 + 2f + c = 0 ……..(3)
From eq(1) and (2), we get
g = 0 and c = -1
Now, putting c = -1 in eq(3), we get
f = 0
Now, substituting the values of g, f and c in the main equation, we get
x2 + y2 = 1
问题5.在线镜x = 0中找到圆的图像x 2 + y 2 + 16x – 8y + 64 = 0的方程。
解决方案:
Equation given is:
x2 + y2 + 16x – 8y = – 64
(x2 + 16x) + (y2 – 8y) = – 64
On adding and subtracting 64 and 16, we get
(x2 + 16x + 64) + (y2 – 8y + 16) – 64 – 16 = – 64
(x2 + 16x + 64) + (y2 – 8y + 16) = – 64 + 64 + 16
(x + 8)2 + (y – 4)2 = 16
(x – (-8))2 + (y – 4)2 = 42
As, the radius of this circle is (-8, 4) and radius = 4.
The image of the circle in the line mirror will have its centre as (8, 4) and radius 4.
So, the equation will be,
(x – 8)2 + (y – 4)2 = 42
x2 + y2 – 16x – 8y + 64 = 0