电荷和电场——电通量、库仑定律、示例问题
“电”这个词来自希腊语“Elektron”,意思是“琥珀”。存在于材料、原子和分子中的磁力和电力会影响它们的特性。 “电荷”一词仅指两种类型的实体。一项实验揭示了两种带电形式:第一,同类电荷相互排斥,另一类电荷相互吸引。电荷的极性是这两种电荷之间的区别元素。
一项关于由摩擦电产生的电荷的实验表明,导体有助于电荷的通过,而绝缘体则没有。金属、地球和人体都是导体,而瓷器、尼龙和木材都是绝缘体,对通过它们的电流提供了很大的阻力。
电场
An electric charge creates an electric field, which is a region of space around an electrically charged particle or object where the charge feels forced. The electric field exists everywhere in space and can be studied by introducing another charge into it.
如果电荷相距足够远,出于实际目的,电场可以近似为 0。电场是一种 向量 由指向或远离电荷的箭头表示的数量。这些线必须径向向外指向远离正电荷,或径向向内指向负电荷。
电场的大小使用以下公式计算:
E = F/q
- 其中 E 是电场强度,
- F是电力,
- q 是测试费用。
电场线的性质
- 电场线是连续曲线。
- 它们以带正电的物体开始,以带负电的物体结束。
- 任何一点的电场强度方向由与电场线的切线决定。
- 没有两条相互交叉的电场线。
- 电场线总是平行于导体表面。
库仑定律
库仑定律描述了两个点电荷之间存在的力。在物理学中,短语点电荷是指线性带电物体的尺寸与它们之间的距离相比较小。因此,我们将它们视为点电荷,因为计算它们之间的吸引力/排斥力很简单。
The statement, in general, includes two charges, q1 and q2. The attraction/repulsion force between the charges is denoted by the letter ‘F,’ while the distance between them is denoted by the letter ‘r.’ Then Coulomb’s law is expressed mathematically as-
- F is proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges in contact, i.e. F ∝ q1q2.
- F is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two charges in contact, i.e. F ∝ 1/ r2.
让我们将两者放在一起如下:
F ∝ q 1 q 2 / r 2
现在,如果我们去掉比例性,就会引入一个常数 k;
F = kq 1 q 2 / r 2
其中 k 是比例常数,等于 1/40,0 是 epsilon not,表示真空介电常数。 k 已计算为 9 × 10 9 Nm 2 / C 2 。
根据库仑的说法,同种电荷相互排斥,而异种电荷相互吸引。这表明同号电荷相互排斥,而异号电荷相互吸引。
电通量
The electric flux is the total number of electric field lines moving through a particular area in a given amount of time. However, unlike in the instance of liquid flow, there is no flow of a physically observable amount.
首先,通过面积元素 S 的电通量定义如下:
Δθ= E.ΔS= E ΔS cosθ
切割区域元素的场线数量决定了这一点。在这种情况下,角度是由 E 和 S 形成的角度。在封闭表面中,当约定已经建立时,是由 E 和区域元素的向外法线形成的角度。要确定通过给定表面的总通量,请将其划分为小区域元素,计算每个元素的通量,然后将它们加在一起。因此,通过表面 S 的总流量等于 ES 因为假定电场 E 在小面积单元上是恒定的,所以使用了近似符号。
电偶极子:它由一对相等或相反的电荷 A 和 -B 相隔 2x 组成。偶极矩矢量的大小为 2Ax,在偶极轴方向上从 -B 指向 A。
示例问题
问题 1:将 2 C 的电荷置于 8 cm 3立方体的中心。通过其中一个面的电通量的大小是多少?
解决方案:
Because the given cube’s volume is 8 cm3, its side length is 2 cm.
Electric flux over a closed surface is contained charge within the closed surface divided by the medium’s permittivity, according to Gauss’s theorem.
If the medium within the cube is air or vacuum, the total electric flux over the closed surface is
= Q / Eo
= 2 / ( 8.854 10-12 )
= 2.259 1011 N C-1 m2.
Electric flux passing through one face = ( 2.259 × 1011 ) / 6 = 3.765 × 1010 N C-1 m2.
问题2:为什么两条电场线从不相交?
解决方案:
There will be two tangents and consequently two directions of net electric field at the point where the two lines join, which is not possible. As a result, two electric field lines do not cross.
问题 3:当相隔 1 m 的两个点电荷具有相等的电荷时,会产生 8 N 的力。如果他们俩同时浸入水中,他们会感受到什么力量? (假设 K 水 = 80)
解决方案:
Force acting between two point charges
F air=q1q2/4πEoxr2
F water=q1q2/4πEoKxr2
Therefore ,
F air/F water=K
8/F water=80
F water=8/80
=1/10N
问题 4:当电介质置于外部电场中时,电介质内部的电场如何减小?
解决方案:
When a dielectric is exposed to an electric field (E vector), charge is induced in it, producing an electric field in the opposite direction of E. As a result, the net electric field is lowered.
Enet = E vector −Ep
where Ep denotes the field produced by dielectric polarisation.
问题 5:考虑一个由 3 × 10-7 C 和 4 × 10-7 C 两个电荷组成的系统,它们受到 0.1 N 的力的作用。这两个电荷之间的距离是多少?
解决方案:
Given that,
The first charge, q1 is 3 × 10-7 C.
The second charge, q2 is 4 × 10-7 C.
The force acted upon them, F is 0.1 N.
The formula to calculate electrostatic force between the charges is:
F = k q1q2 / r2
Substitute the given values in the above expression as,
0.1 N = (9 × 109 Nm2/ C2)(3 × 10-7 C)(4 × 10-7 C) / (r)2
r = 0.103 m
Hence, the distance between the two charges, r is 0.103m.