实数是在数学数字系统中由有理数和无理数组成的数。可以对这些数字执行所有的算术运算,例如加法,减法,乘法等。除了虚数不是实数。虚数用于定义复数。要获得实数,首先,我们必须了解有理数和无理数。有理数是可以写为p / q的那些数,其中p是分子,q是主数,p和q是整数。例如,5可以写为5/1,所以它是一个有理数,无理数是那些不能以p / q形式写的数。
例如,√3是无理数,可以写为1.73205081,连续到无穷大,不能以小数形式写,并且可以是非终止形式和非重复小数。而且,如果将有理数和无理数结合起来,它将变成实数。
例如: 12,-8、5.60、5 / 1,π(3.14)等。
实数可以是正数,也可以是负数,并用R表示。所有小数,自然数和分数都属于此类别。
实数运算
四个基本的数学运算加法,除法,乘法和减法。现在我们将以有理数和无理数来理解这些运算。
对两个有理数的运算
当我们对两个有理数(例如加法,减法,除法和乘法)执行算术运算时,结果将是有理数。
例子:
0.25 + 0.25 = 0.50 can be written as 50/100 which is form of p/q.
0.20 – 0.10 = 0.10 can be written as 10/100 which is form of p/q.
0.4 multiplied by 184 is 73.6 and can be written as 736/10.
0.252 divided by 0.4 is 0.63 and can be written as 63/100.
两个无理数的运算
当我们对两个无理数执行加,减,乘或除的算术运算时,结果可以是有理数或无理数。
例子:
√2 + √3 = 3.14 can be written as 314/100 which is rational number.
√3 – √3 = 0 or 5√4 – 4√3 = 3.07 which can be written as 307/100 which is rational number.
When √5 is multiplied to √5, we get 5 which is rational number or when √3 is multiplied to √5, we get √15 which is irrational number. When √8 is divided by √8 we get 8 which is rational number or if √5 is divided by √3 then we get (√5)/(√3) which is irrational number.
对有理数和无理数进行运算
添加
当我们添加一个无理数和一个有理数时,结果将是一个无理数。将3加到2√5时,结果将是一个无理数。
减法
当我们对无理数和有理数进行减法运算时,结果将是无理数。当5√6减去3时,结果将是一个无理数。
乘法
当我们执行此操作时,结果可能是非理性的或理性的。当3乘以√5时,结果将是3√5,这是一个无理数;如果√12乘以√3,则结果将是√36,可以将其写为6(这是一个有理数)。
分配
有理数除以无理数,反之亦然,那么结果将始终是无理数。当4除以√2时,结果将是4√2,这是一个无理数。
实数的性质
我们有四个属性,即交换属性,关联属性,分配属性和标识属性。考虑到a,b和c是三个实数。然后,这些属性可以描述为
交换性质
如果a和b是数字,则a + b = b + a用于加法,a×b = b×a用于乘法。
添加:
a + b = b + a;
5 + 6 = 6 + 5
乘法:
a×b = b×a;
4×2 = 2×4
关联财产
如果a,b和c是实数,则形式为
a +(b + c)=(a + b)= c用于加法运算,(ab)c = a(bc)用于乘法运算
添加:
a +(b + c)=(a + b)= c;
5 +(3 + 2)=(5 + 3)+ 2
乘法:
(ab)c = a(bc);
(4×2)×6 = 4×(2×6)
分配财产
如果a,b和c是实数,则最终形式为
a(b + c)= ab + ac和(a + b)c = ac + ab
5(2 + 3)= 5×2 + 5×3左,右项的答案均为25。
身份属性
加法: a + 0 = 0(0是加性标识)
乘法: a×1 = 1×a = 1(1是乘法恒等式)
实数
有理数: 4/5,0.82
整数: {…– 3,-2,-1、1、2、3…}
整数: {0,1,2,3…}
自然数: {1,2,3…}
无理数: √2,π,0.102012…
样本问题
问题1.证明3√7是一个无理数。
解决方案:
Let us assume, to the contrary, that 7√7 is rational.
That is, we can find coprime a and b (b ≠ 0) such that 7√7 = ab
Rearranging, we get √7 = ab/7
Since 7, a and b are integers, ab/7 is rational, and so √7 is rational.
But this contradicts the fact that √7 is irrational.
So, we conclude that 7√7 is irrational.
问题2.解释为什么(17×5×13×3×7 + 7×13)是一个复合数字?
解决方案:
17 × 5 × 13 × 3 × 7 + 7 × 13 …(i)
= 7 × 13 × (17 × 5 × 3 + 1)
= 7 × 13 × (255 + 1)
= 7 × 13 × 256
Number (i) is divisible by 2, 11 and 256, it has more than 2 prime factors.
Therefore, (17 × 5 × 13 × 3 × 7 + 7 × 13) is a composite number.
问题3.证明3 +2√3是一个无理数。
解决方案:
Let us assume to the contrary, that 3 + 2√3 is rational.
So that we can find integers a and b (b ≠ 0).
Such that 3 + 2√3 = ab, where a and b are coprime.
Rearranging the equations, we get since a and b are integers, we get a2b−32 is rational and so √3 is rational.
But this contradicts the fact that √3 is irrational.
So we conclude that 3 + 2√3 is irrational.