氯化钙配方 - 结构、性质、用途、示例问题
氯化钙是在 15 世纪被发现的,但直到 18 世纪后期才引起人们的注意或研究。由于生产纯碱的氨碱法直到生产纯碱的氨碱法运行后才开始运行,所有早期工作都是用实验室制造的样品完成的。
什么是氯化钙?
Calcium chloride is an ionic compound with the formula CaCl2. It’s also known as calcium chloride anhydrous or calcium dichloride. It’s an ionic substance made up of chlorine and calcium. At room temperature, it is a crystalline solid white. Because it is very soluble in water, it is hygroscopic. Its enthalpy change of solution is extremely high, and it has no odour. This chemical is frequently used for dust control and deicing.
氯化钙的结构
孤立的钙阳离子和两个氯阴离子在氯化钙分子中形成两个离子连接。氯化钙分子的结构如右图所示。钙阳离子的电荷为+2,而每个氯阴离子的电荷为-1。结果,该分子具有中性电荷。
氯化钙的制备
按照以下步骤制造氯化钙:
- 戴上手套,将石灰石放入烧杯中,直至其装满其原始容量的四分之一。
- 现在,大约 1/4 的 HCl(盐酸)烧杯应该添加到石灰石中。
- 当盐酸溶解石灰石时,会形成气泡。现在轻轻混合烧杯中的内容物,并注意反应以确保完成。如果所有石灰石都完全溶解在其中,则添加一点额外的石灰石。
- 然后,一旦溶液停止冒泡,将颗粒倒入滤纸中,过滤掉颗粒。
- 第二个烧杯中的氯化钙溶液应加温。水蒸发后,留下固体氯化钙。
氯化钙溶液
由于氯化钙极易溶于水,因此用于制备密度相对较高的溶液。石油和天然气钻井行业通常在完井或改造油井时利用这些高密度。
已经确定了不同浓度和温度下氯化钙溶液的密度。氯化钙溶液的粘度是工程设计和应用此类溶液流过多孔介质的一个重要特征。
1980 年代,发表了大量关于氯化钙溶液热力学的研究。其中许多旨在验证和扩展 Pitzer 方程,以确定高离子强度电解质溶液中的活度系数和其他参数。氯化钙采用多种工艺进行商业生产,包括天然盐水的精炼、氢氧化钙与氯化铵在索尔维纯碱生产中的反应,以及盐酸与碳酸钙的反应。有些物质暴露在空气中时能够吸收空气中的水分。无水氯化钙具有此特性,通常用作干燥剂。
氯化钙的用途
- 它通常用作塑料、废水处理厂和高炉的添加剂,以改进工艺和特性。
- 它还用作除冰剂以降低水的冰点。
- 此外,氯化钙在防止路面结冰方面非常有效,因此被用作除冰剂。然而,它通过降低水的冰点消耗最多的氯化钙,从而抑制冰的形成,也用于除冰。
- 它还用于除湿机,用于家庭和工业环境。
- 已经发现,食物中典型的氯化钙摄入量在每天 160 至 345 毫克之间。
- 它在水族馆中用于将生物可利用的钙引入碳酸钙壳生物,如软体动物和刺胞动物。
- 它还用于制作蔬菜罐头和用果汁或蔬菜制成的鱼子酱替代品。它被用作运动饮料和其他液体(包括水)中的电解质。
- 氯化钙用于使泡菜具有咸味。
- 氯化钙有许多应用,从啤酒酿造到奶酪制作。
How Calcium Chloride is used as a water treating agent?
Water treatment employs the use of calcium chloride. It is also used in bottled water, but it is most commonly employed in wastewater treatment to remove unwanted contaminants. Calcium is recognized as a significant predictor of water utilization as well as a pH stabilizer that imparts a pleasant taste to water. Calcium chloride, on the other hand, is employed in oily waste streams in the petroleum, metallurgy, laundry, textile, and food processing sectors. Oil droplets float to the surface as a result of this. It is eliminated in the final stage by skimming.
健康危害
由于这种化学物质具有刺激性,因此必须戴手套处理。虽然处理起来相当安全,但它会与水发生放热反应,如果吞下会导致舌头或食道灼伤。氯化钙也用于治疗高钾血症、高镁血症和钙通道阻滞剂过量。
示例问题
问题一:氯化钙常用来做什么?
回答:
Calcium chloride is a good desiccant as a hygroscopic agent for removing dissolved moisture from liquids, and it is appropriate for use in food packing to increase dryness and reduce spoiling.
问题2:氯化钙暴露在空气中会发生什么?
回答:
Because calcium carbide is a fragile material, when exposed to air, it absorbs water from the atmosphere. When exposed to the sun, anhydrous calcium chloride absorbs heat from the atmosphere and turns into a colourless solution.
问题3:钙是导电的吗?
回答:
Calcium is more difficult to cut than lead, although it can be done with some effort. Although calcium is a lesser electrical conductor than copper or aluminium by weight, it is a better mass conductor than both due to its extremely low density.
问题4:氯化钙是由什么制成的?
回答:
Calcium chloride is a naturally occurring calcium-derived salt. It is a solid white that can also be created synthetically.
问题5:氯化钙是天然产物吗?
回答:
Natural calcium chloride contains trace amounts of sodium chloride and potassium chloride, which are carried from the brine’s natural source. Almost all food-grade calcium chloride applications are covered by this.