理想气体方程的推导
理想气体定律是几种气体在热力学中各种情况下的行为的明确近似。理想气体方程是一个数学公式,它使用经验常数和物理常数的组合来表达假设气体的状态。一般气体方程是它的另一个名称。查理定律、波义耳定律、盖-吕萨克定律、阿伏伽德罗定律都是构成理想气体方程的经验定律。理想气体定律和方程将在下面进一步描述。
什么是理想气体?
实际上,理想气体是不存在的。这是一种假设的气体,旨在使计算更容易。
A theoretical gas made up of a collection of randomly moving point particles that only interact through elastic collisions is known as an ideal gas. The gas molecules in an ideal gas travel freely in all directions, and collisions between them are considered fully elastic, implying that no kinetic energy is lost as a result of the collision.
虽然不存在理想气体,但当密度足够低时,所有真实气体都倾向于接近该特性。这是可以实现的,因为气体分子的间距如此之大,以至于它们不会相互影响。由于它遵循理想气体定律,一种简化的状态方程,并且易于进行统计力学分析,因此理想气体概念是有价值的。因此,理想气体概念有助于我们的研究。
理想气体定律
从对气体行为的研究中得出了某些概括。术语“气体定律”指的是这些广泛的概括。顾名思义,理想气体定律就是处理理想气体的定律。假设理想气体的状态方程称为理想气体定律。尽管它有明显的缺点,但它提供了在许多条件下各种气体行为的良好近似值。当其他两个变量保持不变时,这些定律提供了任何两个变量之间的定量关系。让我们来看看各种气体定律。
波义耳定律(压力-体积关系)
罗伯特·博伊尔通过在恒定温度下改变特定量气体的压力来研究气体体积的变化。他在管子的尖端捕捉了一些空气,并通过测量管子两臂之间的水银高度差来计算气体施加的压力。通过向管中添加更多的汞,气体的压力增加,气体的体积减小。
Boyle investigated the relationship between pressure and volume of a given mass of gas at a constant temperature in this way. Boyle’s law is the name given to this relationship.
它断言固定量气体的压力与恒定温度下的气体体积成反比。
它可以表示为,
Pα1/V
其中 n 和 T 是常数
P = k 1 /V
其中 k 1是比例常数
PV=k 1
因此,波义耳定律可以写成:“对于给定质量的气体,在恒定温度下,体积和压力的乘积是恒定的”。
查尔斯定律(体积-温度关系)
Jacques Charles 在 1787 年研究了温度对恒定压力下气体体积的影响。Gay Lussac 在 1802 年扩展了这项研究。查理定律是关于已观察到的气体压力和体积之间联系的概括。
可以表示如下:
“The volume of a fixed mass of gas reduces when it is cooled and increases when the temperature is raised. The volume of the gas grows by 1/273 of its original volume at 00C for every degree increase in temperature. Let V0 and Vt be the volume of the gas at 00C and t0C, respectively.”
然后,
V t = V 0 +V 0 (t/273.15) ……….. (1)
V t = V 0 (1+t/273.15) ……….. (2)
V t = V 0 ((273.15+t)/273.15) ………… (3)
我们现在将建立一个新的温标,t = T -273.15 表示摄氏温度,To = 273.15 表示华氏温度。开尔文温标,通常称为绝对温标,是一种新的温标 (T)。在开尔文刻度上写温度时,度数符号被省略。因此,在用开尔文标度写温度时,我们将摄氏温度乘以 273 得到开尔文标度。
让我们假设 T t = 273.15 + t
T 0 = 273.15
等式(3)可以写成
V t = V 0 (T t /T 0 )
或者,(V t /V 0 )= (T t /T 0 )
一般来说,它可以写成,
V 2 /V 1 = T 2 /T 1
或者,(V 1 /T 1 )= (V 2 /T 2 )
⇒V/T= 常数= k 2
因此,
V=k 2 T
其中k 2是比例常数。
The volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature when the pressure remains constant, according to Charle’s law.
V α T
盖·吕萨克定律
Joseph Gay Lussac 建立了压力和温度之间的关系,这就是著名的 Gay Lussac 定律。它声称固定量气体的压力在恒定体积下直接随温度变化。
它可以表示为,
PαT
P = k 3吨
(其中 k 3是比例常数)
P/T = k 3
因此,在恒定体积下,压力随着温度的降低而下降,而压力随着温度的升高而升高。
阿伏伽德罗定律
1811 年,Amadeo Avogadro 提出了一个公式,用于根据在恒定温度和压力下存在的分子数来计算气体的体积。阿伏伽德罗定律就是它的名称。该定律断言气体的体积与在恒定温度和压力下的气体量成正比。
它可以表示为,
Vαn
要么
V = k 4 n
其中 k 4是比例常数
气体量用数字 n 表示。阿伏伽德罗常数是一摩尔气体中的气体分子数,经计算为6.022×10 23 。
组合气体定律或理想气体方程
波义耳定律和查理定律都给出了气体体积随压力和温度的变化。通过结合这两个规则,我们可以构建一个方程来显示压力和温度变化对气体体积的同时影响。组合气体定律,通常称为理想气体方程。
理想气体方程
假设理想气体的状态方程称为理想气体定律。尽管它有明显的缺点,但它很好地近似了各种气体在许多条件下的行为。
The ideal gas equation is stated as
PV = nRT
where,
P is the ideal gas’s pressure.
The volume of the ideal gas is V.
The amount of ideal gas, measured in moles, is n.
The universal gas constant is R.
T stands for temperature.
根据理想气体方程,气体压力和体积的乘积与通用气体常数和温度的乘积具有恒定的关系。
Derivation of the Ideal Gas Equation
Assume that the pressure exerted by the gas is ‘P.’ ‘V’ is the volume of the gas. ‘T’ is the temperature. ‘n’ is the number of moles of gas.
According to Boyle’s Law, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure exerted by it at constant n and T.
V ∝ 1/P ………………(1)
When P and n are constant, the volume is directly proportional to the temperature, according to Charles’ Law.
V ∝ T ……………..(2)
Avogadro’s Law asserts that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas when P and T are constant.
V ∝ n …………………(3)
When all three equations are combined, we get,
V ∝ nT/P
PV ∝ nT
PV = nRT
where R is the Universal gas constant, which is 8.314 J/mol-K.
示例问题
问题1:理想气体方程意味着什么?
回答:
The product of the pressure and volume of one mole of a gas is equal to the product of its temperature and the gas constant in this equation. For an ideal gas, the equation is precise, and for real gases at low pressures, it is a decent approximation.
问题 2:理想气体的一个很好的例子是什么?
回答:
Many gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, noble gases, some heavier gases like carbon dioxide, and mixtures like air, can be regarded as ideal gases within reasonable tolerances throughout a wide temperature and pressure range.
问题 3:在 1.00 atm 的开尔文压力下,1 摩尔 CH 4气体占据 20.0L 的温度是多少?
回答:
The ideal gas equation is,
PV=nRT
T=PV/nR ………(1)
Given 1.00 atm pressure, so P=1.00 atm. one mole of CH4 gas, so n=1mol, the CH gas occupies 20.0L, so V=20.0L. The gas constant is R=0.082.
On substituting these value sin equations (1).
T = (1.00atm)(20.0L)/(1mol)(0.082)
T = 244K
问题4:在相同的温度和压力下,干燥的空气和水蒸气饱和的空气哪个更稠密?
回答:
Since it has a greater molar mass, air saturated with water vapor is denser at the same temperature and pressure.
问题 5:让具有标准温度和压力的气体进行修改,使其压力降低一半。在这个过程中,气体的体积发生了多少变化?
回答:
The ideal gas equation is,
PV=nRT
The given gas undergoes a transformation in which its pressure is half. Therefore:
P′=P/2
The ideal gas equation can also be written as,
V=nRT/P
and
V′=nRT/P′ ……….(1)
On substituting the value of P’ in equation (1).
V’=(nRT)/(P/2)
V’=2(nRT/P)
V’=2V
As a result, we can observe that the new volume is twice the original volume.
问题 6:您认为理想的气体条件是什么?
回答:
The following are the basic assumptions for a gas to be ideal:
- The volume of the gas particles is insignificant.
- The gas particles are all the same size and there are no intermolecular forces (attraction or repulsion) between them.
- Perfect elastic collisions occur between the gas particles, with no energy loss.