三角形是一个三边的多边形,一个平行四边形是一个四边的多边形,或者简单地说是具有平行的相对边的四边形。我们在日常生活中几乎到处都遇到这两个多项式。例如:假设一个农民有一块平行四边形的土地。他想将这片土地分为两个部分供女儿们使用。现在,当分为两部分时,它将生成两个三角形。因此,在这种情况下,了解我们的领域对我们至关重要。用于计算三角形和平行四边形面积的简单公式有时会很麻烦。因此,在这种情况下,我们使用一些定理和属性来简化我们的计算。让我们详细看一下这些属性。
平行四边形和三角形
三角形具有三个边,而平行四边形是具有四个边的四边形,而相对的边则彼此平行。下图显示了一个平行四边形和一个三角形。假设“ b 1 ”和“ h 1 ”分别是三角形的底边和高度,“ b 2 ”和“ h 2 ”是平行四边形的底边和高度。
Area of triangle =
Area of parallelogram =
一致人物及其领域
我们知道,如果两个图形的大小和形状相同,则它们称为全等。因此,如果两个数字完全一致,则可以将它们相互叠加,并且两者将完全覆盖另一个数字。这意味着,如果两个数字相同,则它们的面积必须相等。但是请注意,该陈述的反义词是不正确的,如果两个数字的面积相等,则不必使两个数字全等。在下面的图中,我们可以看到两对完全一致且面积相同的图形,但是另一对具有相同面积但不完全相同的图形。
在上图中,让我们比较两个四边形的面积。
Ar(PQRS)= 9×4 = 36
氩气(TUVW)= 6 2 = 36
请注意,两者具有相同的面积,但它们不是一致的。这验证了我们先前给出的陈述的相反含义是不正确的。
因此,现在该区域的定义可以总结如下:
Area of a figure is the measure of the plane that is enclosed by that figure. It has following two properties:
- Let’s say we have two figures X and Y. If X and Y are congruent figures, then ar(X) = ar(Y).
- If both figure combine without overlapping to make another figure T. Area of figure T will be given by, ar(T) = ar(X) + ar(Y).
同一基础上和同一平行之间的平行四边形
我们的目标是了解两个平行四边形具有相同底数并且位于相同平行线之间的面积之间的关系。下图显示了两个平行四边形,它们具有相同的底数,并且在相同的平行线之间。让我们用一些定理证明这些区域之间的关系。
定理:具有相同底数和相同平行点之间的平行四边形具有相同的面积。
证明:
Let’s assume we have two parallelograms PQRS and RSTU as shown in the figure below. Both have the same base RS and are between same parallels.
The objective is to prove that ar(PQRS) = ar(RSTU).
In the figure, RSTQ is common to both the parallelograms. Now, if we can prove that ar(PST) = ar(QRU). We can prove that areas of both parallelograms are equal.
Let’s look at the triangle PST and QRU.
∠SPT = ∠RQU (Corresponding angles)
∠PTS = ∠QUR (Corresponding angles)
Now since two angles of triangles are equal, the third angle will also be equal due to angle sum property.
∠PST = ∠QRU
Now both of these triangles are congruent
ΔPST≅ ΔQRU
Thus, ar(PST) = ar(QRU)
Now we know that,
Ar(PQRS) = ar(RSTQ) + ar(PST)
Ar(RSTU) = ar(RSTQ) + ar(QRU)
Since ar(RSTQ) is common and ar(PST) = ar(QRU).
Thus, ar(PQRS) = ar(RSTU)
同一底面和相同平行线之间的三角形
下图表示两个三角形,它们在相同的基础上并且在相同的平行线之间。我们的目标是找到这两个三角形的面积之间的关系。让我们看一下与
定理:在相同底上和在相同平行线之间的两个三角形具有相等的面积。
证明:
We know that area of triangle is given by
So, two triangles will have same area if they have same base and height.
Our triangles have a common base. Now since they are between two parallels, they must have the same height. Thus, both the triangles have same area.
让我们来看一些关于这些概念的示例问题。
样本问题
问题1:找到下图中给出的三角形和平行四边形的面积。
解决方案:
We know,
Area of triangle =
Area of parallelogram = b2 × h2
=3 × 5
= 15
问题2:陈述平行四边形的三个属性。
回答:
Three properties of parallelogram:
- Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
- Opposite angles are equal.
- Adjacent Angles sum up to 180°.
问题3:在下图中给出的三角形ΔPQR中,PS是中位数。证明ar(PSR)= ar(PQS)。
回答:
Now if we draw a perpendicular from the vertex P to the base QR. We’ll see that this perpendicular is common to both the triangle. Thus, both of them have same base and same height. So, they must have the same area.
问题4:在下图中,我们有一个矩形RSTU和一个平行四边形PQRS。假定PL垂直于RS。现在,证明:
- Ar(RSTU)= ar(PQRS)
- Ar(PQRS)= RS x AL。
解决方案:
1. We know that rectangles are also parallelograms. So, the theorem we studied also apply on the rectangle. Both of these figures have same base and lie between same parallels. Thus, both should have the same area.
Ar(RSTU) = ar(PQRS)
2. The area of parallelogram = base x height.
Ar(PQRS) = RU x RS
Since, PURL is also a rectangle, RU = AL. Thus,
Ar(PQRS) = RS x AL.
问题5:一个农民的田地呈平行四边形PQRS的形状。农夫在RS上取得一个点,并将其加入P,Q。回答以下问题:
- 他现在在现场有多少份?
- 他想播种玉米和甘蔗,他应该使用哪一部分以便它们都在同一地区种植。
解决方案:
1. Let the point farmer chose to be X. Join X to P and Q. This divides the field into three parts.
2. Now, we know that the if a triangle and a parallelogram have same base and are in between same parallels. Then, area of triangle is half of the area of the parallelogram.
So, in this case, ar(XPQ) = 1/2(ar(PQRS)
So, the remaining two portions must make the other half of the area. That means,
Ar(XPQ) = ar(XPS) + ar(XQR)
So, he should grow one crop in XPQ and other crop in both XPS and XQR.