质量能量当量
质能方程是物理学的重要基础之一。德国物理学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦提出了这个流行的规则。该规则表示质量和能量是相互比较的。质能方程阐明了能量如何转化为质量和质量如何转化为能量。该假设表示,一个物体移动了多少能量等于它的质量增加了光速的平方。
As per Einstein’s Theory, comparable energy can be determined utilizing the mass (m) and the speed of light (c), which is stated as,
E = mc2
质能比例表明,尽管框架的全部质量发生变化,但全部能量和力保持稳定。想想电子和质子的影响。它消除了两个粒子的质量,但产生了大量的光子能量。质能比例的揭示对改进核结合和分裂反应的假设至关重要。
质能公式
The relationship between the mass of the body and energy is represented by the below formula:
E = mc2
where,
- E is the Equivalent Kinetic Energy of the body,
- m is the mass of the body or particle and
- c is the speed of light (which is equal to 3 × 108 m/s).
方程E=mc 2应该描述分子在其静止轮廓中的能量,由大写字母 E 表示,作为质量(由字母 m 表示)和光速平方的结果,这是 c 2 。最后,一个分子的质量完全等于它的能量,用字母 E 表示,除以光速的平方,即 c 2 。因此,分子的质量与它的能量相当,用字母 E 表示,除以光速的平方,即 c 2 。我们可以这样说是因为光速大约是 3 × 10 8 m/s,一般来说这是一个很大的数字。
我们可以争辩说,在狭义相对论之前的物理学理论中,被视为独立实体的质量和能量被视为独立的实体。此外,我们可以说静止物体的能量可以分配一个任意数字。尽管如此,在非常相对论中,表示物体的能量非常静止被视为 mc 2 。因此,我们可以说,每个具有由字母 m 表示的静止质量的物体都包含 mc 2的“静止能量”,它有可能转化为其他种类的能量。
质能公式的推导
Here is the most general method to derive Einstein’s mass-energy equation as follows, Suppose an object is moving at a speed approximately equal to the speed of light. Now, a constant force is acting on it due to which in this case, the energy and momentum are come into play. Since, the force is uniform, then:
The increase in Momentum of the object, p = mass (m) × velocity (v) of the object.
Also it is known that, the gained energy by this object, E = Force (F) × Displacement (c) through which the force acts.
or
E = F × c ………… (1)
Similarly,
The increased momentum = force × time through which force acts
Since,
Momentum = mass × velocity,
Hence, Force= m × c ……………. (2)
Hence from the equation (1) and (2) we get,
E = mc2
示例问题
问题1:宇宙中的一颗恒星以7×10 22 J/s 的能量辐射。确定那颗恒星的质量下降速率。
解决方案:
We know: E= mc2
ΔE = 7 × 1022 J/s
c = 3 × 108 m/s
From the above mass-energy equivalence formula we have:
ΔE = Δm × c2
7 × 1022 J/s = Δm × (3 × 108 m/s)2
Hence, decreasing rate of mass = 0.77 × 106 kg/s.
问题2:假设一个粒子的速度接近光速,那么那个粒子此时的动能是多少?
解决方案:
From the mass-energy equivalence formula we have-
E = m / √(1- v2 /c2) …………(1)
As v > c then v/c = 1
Putting value of v/c in equation (1) –
E = m / √(1-1) = m / 0
= infinity
Hence kinetic energy will tends to infinity.
问题3:推导质子的静能(质子的质量为1.67×10 -27 kg。
解决方案:
Since, m = 1.67 × 10-27 kg
c = 3 × 108 m/s
E = m × c2
Putting all values in the above equation we have :-
E = 1.67 × 10-27 kg × (3 × 108 m/s)2
= 15.03 × 10-11 J
问题 4:确定 10 公斤水或任何其他物质的静止质量能。
解决方案:
The rest energy is defined as the amount of energy that is released when the complete mass of the given substance is converted entirely to energy. The rest mass of a substance is determined by using Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence formula.
Since,
E = m × c2
= 10 kg × (3 × 108 m/s)2
= 9 × 1017 J
Hence, the rest mass energy of water is 9 × 1017 J.
问题5:一个电子的剩余能量是多少?
解决方案:
The rest energy of the electron can be calculated as,
E = mc2
where, m is the mass of the electron and is equal to 9.109 × 10-31 kg, and c is the speed of light and is equal to 3 × 108 m/s.
Therefore, substituting the values in the above equation:
E = 9.109 × 10-31 kg × (3 × 108 m/s)2
= 8.198 × 10-14 J
= 0.51 MeV.