乙腈配方 - 结构、性质、用途、示例问题
乙腈是一种有机分子。它是最基本的有机腈。它主要作为丙烯腈制造过程的副产品生产。它还用作化学合成和丁二烯纯化中的极性非质子溶剂。乙腈是一种无色、易燃、可与水混溶的液体,具有强烈的气味。它是一种溶剂,也用于制造塑料、药物和其他物质。乙腈是一种极性化学物质,可溶于水以及其他极性溶剂。它既是酸又是弱碱。
乙腈
它是一种挥发性有机分子,分子式为 C 2 H 3 N 或 CH 3 CN。氰基甲烷或甲烷甲腈是乙腈的其他名称。乙腈是它的 IUPAC 名称。它是一种腈,是带有甲基(-CH 3 )的氰化氢。代替氢(H)。就官能团而言,乙腈属于腈类。根据有机化学,腈是与氮原子三重连接的碳原子。乙腈是最简单的有机腈,在碳和氮之间具有三重键。
乙腈的结构
乙腈的出现
它是丙烯腈生产过程的副产品。它是一种乙酸衍生物,通常出现在水溶液中。它还用作提取过程、色谱法和其他从丙烯氨氧化或废物流中获得丙烯腈的方法中的副产品。还可以找到其他化学物质,例如苯、酒精和甲醇。
乙腈的制备
它是丙烯腈生产过程的副产品。它也可以通过氢化一氧化碳混合物或乙酰胺和氨水来制备。
通过本发明,揭示了一种由乙酸和氨生产高纯度乙腈的工艺,该工艺包括两个步骤,
- 中和乙酸和氨生成乙酸铵,
- 将醋酸铵水溶液与气态氨混合,预热后放入装有催化剂氧化铝的固定床反应器中与混合气体反应生成乙腈,气体经连续精制得到纯乙腈。
乙腈的物理性质
- 它具有无色透明液体的外观,具有令人愉悦的香气。
- 它是一种密度为0.783 g/cm 3 的低密度碱基。
- 熔点为-46至-44摄氏度,而沸点为81.3至82.1摄氏度。
- 在水中,它是混溶的。
乙腈的化学性质
它是一种腈(氰化氢),其中的氢被甲基取代。它也是一种极性分子,这意味着它的原子可能会将电子吸引到自己身上。此外,氮原子具有比碳原子更高的负电荷。
乙腈的用途
- 乙腈是烃提取过程中使用的溶剂。
- 它用于从植物油中提取脂肪酸。
- 香水是用它制造的。
- 它是合成药物制造中的常见成分。
- 它用于橡胶制造过程。
- 它用于铜精炼和提取。
- 它还用作电化学电池中的溶剂。
示例问题
问题 1:是什么让乙腈成为如此有用的溶剂?
回答:
In terms of solvability, acetonitrile is a highly polar solvent that is equivalent to alcohols. It, like alcohols, is a powerful receiver of hydrogen bonds rather than a donor of hydrogen bonds. Acetonitrile nitrogen is slightly basic, although it may be quite nucleophilic in this regard, similar to pyridine.
问题二:接触乙腈怎么办?
回答:
The exposures and stages we must pick are as follows:
- If acetonitrile comes into contact with the eyes, immediately flush them with a significant amount of water and repeat the process for several minutes, elevating the upper and lower lids intermittently. If at all feasible, remove your contact lenses.
- If skin contact with Acetonitrile occurs, it should be cleansed with soap and a large amount of water promptly and thoroughly rinsed. If you have come into touch with infected clothing, throw it away. Cut the garment off if necessary, but don’t pull it over your head. Leave it in a double bag closed container until it can be decontaminated or properly disposed of.
问题3:乙腈的极性比甲醇的极性大吗?
回答:
Acetonitrile weakens the hydrogen bonds better than methanol. Methanol is a polar-protic solvent, but acetonitrile is a polar aprotic solvent with a higher dipole moment.
问题4:乙腈是一种有效的碱吗?
回答:
Acetonitrile, a common solvent in organic synthesis, can be hydrolyzed in the presence of a strong aqueous base, such as NaOH or KOH, leading to a runaway reaction.
问题5:丙酮和乙腈有区别吗?
回答:
Acetonitrile and acetone are both organic compounds having a variety of chemical structures and physical and chemical characteristics. The fundamental difference between acetonitrile and acetone is that acetonitrile is a nitrile molecule, whereas acetone is a ketone.
问题6:乙腈溶于水是真的吗?
回答:
Heat, sparks, or flames may easily ignite acetonitrile, which produces very hazardous hydrogen cyanide gases when heated. It is easily dissolved in water. When it reacts with water, steam, or acids, it produces flammable vapours that, when exposed to air, can generate explosive combinations.
问题7:乙腈是稳定的物质吗?
回答:
Under normal conditions, acetonitrile is stable. Acids, bases, nitrating agents, nitrogen-fluorine compounds, oxidizers, perchlorates, and sulfites are all incompatible with it. Acetonitrile fires can produce poisonous gases as hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide.