如何找到算术序列的第 n 项?
算术是数学的一部分,它处理不同类型的数字、分数,对数字应用不同的运算,如加法、乘法等。算术这个词来自希腊词arithmos ,意思是数字。算术还包括求幂、百分比的计算、求数列的值、对数函数和平方根等。
算术级数
算术中有一个称为算术级数(AP)的序列,这是一个数字序列,其中任何两个连续项之间的差异总是相同的。假设一个系列是 2,4,6,8,10,12,..,在这个系列中,任何两个连续数字之间的差是 2。如果 2 与前一个数字相加,则该系列中的下一个数字得到,类似地,如果从下一个数中减去2,则得到前一个数。
求第n项的公式
为了使用这个系列,有一些公式可用,比如找到系列中的第 n 项,找到算术级数中所有项之和的公式。引入了一些公式,可以帮助找到有限给定选项的值,例如,仅从第一项和最后一项中找到第n项。假设一个系列 A 由一些元素组成 a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5 , a 6 ,...
A = {a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5 , a 6 ,... n }
- 两项的共同点 (d) = (a1-a2)
- 系列之和 (S) = (n/2)[2a + (n – 1)d]
- 第一项 = 一个
- 第二项 = a+d
- 第三项 = a+2d
- 同样,第 N 项 = a+(n-1)d
找到第n项的步骤
第 1 步:首先找到第一项和第二项,即 a 1和 a 2 。
第二步:然后找到它们之间的共同点,即d = (a 2 -a 1 )
第 3 步:现在,通过将差 d 与第 2 项相加,我们将得到第 3 项,就像这样,系列继续。即第 2 项, a 2 = a 1 +d(a 1是第一项)
第三项, a 3 = a 2 +d = (a 1 +d)+d = a 1 +2d
第四项, a 4 = a 3 +d = (a 1 +2d)+d = a 1 +3d
因此,我们可以看到d 的数量比项的数量少 1。那是,
在 a 2中,d 的个数为 1,[(2-1) = 1]
在3中,d 的数量为 2,[(3-1) = 2]
在4中,d 的数量为 3,[(4-1) = 3]
因此,类似地,对于第 N 项,d 的数量必须是 (N-1) 次。
因此, Nth term, an = a 1 + (N-1)d ⇢ [First term + (Last term – 1)×common difference]
示例问题
问题 1:找到给定系列的第 9 项,{1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16,...}
解决方案:
Here N is 9,
First-term, a1 = 1
2nd term, a2 = 4,
3rd term a3 = 7
4th term a4 = 10
Now find the common difference,
d = a2 – a1 = 4 – 1 = 3
check d is correct or not,
a1 + d = 1+3 = 4 = a2
a2 + d = 4+3 = 7 = a3
a3 + d = 7+3 = 10 = a4
a4 + d = 10+3 = 13 = a5
a5 + d = 13+3 = 16 = a6
So, here the common difference is correct.
now the 9th term,
a9 = First term + (Last term – 1) × common difference
= a1 + (N-1)d
= 1 + (9-1)×3
= 1+ 8*3
= 1+24
=25
So, the 9th term is 25.
问题 2:找出给定系列的第 12 项,{5, 11, 17, 23, 29,...}
解决方案:
Here N is 12,
First-term, a1 = 5
2nd term, a2 = 11,
3rd term a3 = 17
4th term a4 = 23
Now find the common difference,
d = a2 – a1 = 11 – 5 = 6
check d is correct or not,
a1 + d = 5+6 = 11 = a2
a2 + d = 11+6 = 17 = a3
a3 + d = 17+6 = 23 = a4
a4 + d = 23+6 = 29 = a5
So, here the common difference is correct.
Now the 12th term,
a12 = First term + (12th term – 1) × common difference
= a1 + (N-1)d
= 1 + (12-1)×6
= 1+ 11×6
= 1+66
= 67
So, the 12th term is 67.
问题 3:如果 AP 的第 4 项是 8,公差为 2。找出最多 8 项的算术级数。
解决方案:
Given that, the fourth term, a4 is 8 and the common difference is 2,
So the fourth term can be written as,
a + (4 – 1) × 2 = 8 [a = first term]
= a+ 3×2 = 8
= a = 8 – 3×2
= a = 8 – 6
= a = 2
So the first term a1 is 2,
Now, a2 = a1+2 = 2+2 = 4
a3 = a2+2 = 4+2 = 6
a4 = 8
a5 = a4 +2 = 8+2 = 10
a6 = a5+2 = 10+2 = 12
a7 = a6+2 = 12+2 = 14
a8 = a7+2 = 14+2 = 16
So the series upto 8 term is = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16
问题 4:找到第 3 项为 9 且第 5 项为 15 的 AP 的第 7 项?
解决方案:
Given that, the 3rd term, a3 is 9 and 5th term, a5 is 15. here we have to find common difference and first term(a1).
a3 = a1+2d = 9 [from the formula] ⇢ (1)
And, a5= a1+4d = 15 ⇢ (2)
Solve (1) and (2),
a1+2d = 9 ⇢ (1)
a1+4d = 15 ⇢ (2)
Let’s apply subtraction between (1) and (2)
2d = 6, d=3
So, the common difference is 3
Now put the value of d in any one equation, here put the value of d in (1)
a1+2d = 9
= a1 + 2×3 = 9 [d=3]
= a1=9-6
= a1=6
So the first term is 3
Now to find the 7th term,
Apply the formula for finding the nth term, here n=7
a7 = First term + (7th term – 1) × common difference
a7 = a1 + (7-1)d
a7=3+6×3 [d=3 and a1=3]
a7 = 21
So the 7th term is 21.