依数性质和摩尔质量的测定
化学家无法计算溶液中溶质的摩尔质量,并且为了计算该摩尔质量,他们引入了称为依数性质的术语,并且有四种依数性质是相对降低蒸气压,升高沸点,降低冰点,渗透压和研究这个我们需要知道一些标准术语和标准定义。
摩尔浓度 (M)
摩尔浓度是溶液的浓度,以每升溶液中溶质的摩尔数来衡量。
摩尔浓度 = 溶质的摩尔数/L 中的溶液体积。
摩尔浓度(m)
摩尔浓度是溶解在一定质量溶剂中的物质的量。它被定义为每千克溶剂中溶质的摩尔数。
摩尔浓度=溶质的摩尔数/溶剂的重量(千克)。
摩尔分数(x)
溶液中溶质的摩尔分数给出了溶液中存在的溶质的摩尔数与溶液中存在的溶质和溶剂的总摩尔数之比。
摩尔分数还有另一种定义,即化合物的摩尔分数是化合物的摩尔数与混合物中化合物的总摩尔数之比。
摩尔分数=溶质的摩尔数/溶质和溶剂的总摩尔数。
范特霍夫因子(i)
Van't Hoff 因子是溶质对溶液依数性质的影响。用符号(I)表示,i是物质溶解时形成的粒子浓度与物质质量浓度的比值,i是理论分子量与观察到的分子量的比值。
i 为最终粒子数与初始粒子数之比,i 为观测到的依数性与理论依数性的比值。
并且,i =1 + α(n – 1)
这里,n是物质的一个分子式单元形成的离子数,
α是解离度,
在此基础上,我们有 3 种电解质,强电解质、弱电解质、非电解质
- 强电解质
在水中完全电离的电解质是强电解质。这意味着 100% 溶解的化学物质分裂成阳离子和阴离子。例如,HCl、NaOH、NaCl。
- 弱电解质
在水中部分电离的电解质是弱电解质。在 0% 和 100% 之间解离成离子的电解质是弱电解质。例如,CH 3 COOH、NH 3
- 非电解质
在水中不电离的物质是非电解质。例如:CH 4 、葡萄糖-果糖等糖类、尿素。
- 通用气体常数(R)
它等于一摩尔理想气体的压力和体积除以绝对温度的乘积。 R对于不同的单位有不同的值,例如,R = 8.314 Jmol -1 K -1 = 0.0821 Latmmol -1 k -1
- 温度
温度是用几个尺度中的任何一个表示的热度或冷度的量度,如华氏度、摄氏度、开尔文等较冷的物体(温度较低的物体)。
- 分压
分压是单个气体在气体混合物中施加的压力,它等于气体的摩尔分数和施加在容器上的总压力的乘积。
依数性
二元溶液是两种完全互溶的液体的混合物,有两种类型的二元溶液,
- 溶质和溶剂都是挥发性的
- 溶质不挥发,溶剂易挥发
If both solute and solvent are volatile then,
PTotal = PA + PB (Here PA is partial pressure of A gas in air and PB is partial pressure of B gas in air)
From Raults law: PA = PA0 x
Here P0 is the Partial pressure of A in the container.
So PTotal = PA0xA + P0BxB
Here, xB = 1 – xA and viceversa can happen.
If Solute is nonvolatile and the solvent is volatile
Let’s assume B as a nonvolatile solute
So PB0 is 0 so PB is also 0 so,
PTotal = PA = PA0xA = PA0 (1 – xB)
So xB = PA0 – PT/PA0
Hence, ΔP/P0A = xB
Here, P0A – PT/PoA is relative lowering of vapor pressure.
- 蒸气压相对降低
蒸气压的相对降低是蒸气压的降低与纯溶剂的蒸气压的比值。因此,具有非挥发性溶质的溶液的蒸气压的相对降低等于溶质的摩尔分数。
- 沸点升高 (ΔT b )
沸点升高描述了当添加另一种化合物时液体(溶剂)的沸点会更高的现象,这意味着溶液的沸点高于纯溶剂。
ΔTb = TIb – Tb
ΔTb is proportional to the number of particles
ΔTb is proportional to i×m
ΔTb = I × kb × m (i depends on the type of solute and kb depends on the type of solvent.)
- 冰点降低 (ΔT f )
冰点抑郁症。溶液的冰点低于纯溶剂的冰点。这意味着溶液必须冷却到比纯溶剂更低的温度才能发生冻结。
ΔTf = Tf – TfI
ΔTf is proportional to the number of particles
ΔTf is proportional to I × m
ΔTf = i × kf × m (i depends on the type of solute and kb depends on the type of solvent.)
- 渗透压 (π)
渗透压是需要施加到溶液以防止其纯溶剂通过半透膜向内流动的最小压力。它也被定义为溶液通过渗透吸收纯溶剂的趋势的量度。
π = iCRT
Here i is van’t Hoffs factor, C is concentration (or) molarity, R is the universal gas constant, T is temperature.
在等渗溶液中,水流入和流出细胞的速度相同。水通过渗透进出细胞。
如果细胞处于高渗溶液中,则该溶液的水浓度低于细胞胞质溶胶,并且水会移出细胞,直到两种溶液都是等渗的。
如果细胞处于低渗溶液中,则该溶液的水浓度高于细胞胞质溶胶,水会进入细胞,直到两种溶液都是等渗的。
从依数性质测定摩尔质量
- 从蒸气压的相对降低确定摩尔质量:
As ΔP/P°A = xB
As xB = nB/nA + nB
We know that number of moles = mass/molar mass
From this molar mass is obtained.
- 从沸点升高和冰点降低测定摩尔质量:
As ΔTb = i × kb × m and ΔTf = i × kf × m
As Molality = number of moles of solute/weight of solvent in Kg
As the number of moles = mass/molar mass
From this, the molar mass is obtained.
- 从渗透压测定摩尔质量:
As π = iCRT
Where C = molarity
Molarity = number of moles of solute/volume of solution in L
As the number of moles = mass/molar mass
From this, the molar mass is obtained.
示例问题
问题 1:如果 18 克葡萄糖溶于 90 克水中,求蒸气压的相对降低。
解决方案:
Mass of glucose = 18g,
number of moles of glucose(nB) = 18/180 = 0.1
Mass of water = 90g, number of moles of water(nA) = 90/18 = 5
Relative lowering ΔP/PA° is equal to XB.
The value of XB = nB/nA + nB
So XB = 0.1/0.1 + 5 = 1/51
问题2:含有蔗糖和水的溶液的沸点升高为0.256c。水的摩尔浓度常数为0.512c/m,蔗糖的摩尔质量为342 g/mol。什么是摩尔浓度?
解决方案:
Given: Boiling point elevation(ΔTb) = 0.256
molal elevation constant(Kb) = 0.512
As (ΔTb) = i × Kb × m = Kb × m (Fora nonvolatile solute i is 1 as α is 0)
0.256 = 0.512 × m
From this, m = 0.5mole/kg
问题 3:计算冰点降低和将 100.0 克食盐加入 400.0 克水中后的冰点。 (水的 K f = 1.86)
解决方案:
Moles of NaCl = mass/molar mass = 100.0/58.443 = 1.71107 mol
Mass of water = 400.0 g = 0.400 kg
Molalilty(m) = moles of NaCl/mass of water in kg = 1.71107/0.400 = 4.2777m
NaCl ⇢ Na+ + Cl–
Van’tHofffactor(i) = Numberof mole after dissociation/numberof mole before dissociation
= 2 (As each NaCl unit fully ionizes into 2 ions)
Freezing point depression constant for water Kf = 1.86
Freezing point depression = i × Kf × m = 2 × 1.86 × 4.2777 = 15.90C
Freezing point of solution = freezing point of water – freezing point depression = 0.0 – 15.9 = -15.90C
问题 4:如果 6.8% w/v 的蔗糖与 1.52% w/v 的硫脲等渗,如果蔗糖的分子量为 342,求硫脲的分子量?
解决方案:
In an isotonic solution, the flow of water in and out of the cell is happening at the same rate, i.e;
π1 = π2 i1C1RT = i2C2RT
From this, i1C1 = i2C2
Here, both canesugar and thiocarbamide are non electrolytes,
So i = 1, So C1 = C2
% (W/V) percent is the number of grams of solute in 100 mL of solution.
And C is molarity and Molarity = number of moles of solute/volume of solution in L
So C1 = 6.8 × 1000/342 × 100 and C2 = 1.52 × 1000/x × 100
And as C1 = C2
By solving these we get x = 76
问题5:葡萄糖溶液的渗透压是117.4 atm。求溶液在 298 K 时的摩尔浓度。
解决方案:
π = iCRT
(glucose is a non electrolyte so i = 1)
117.4 = C × 0.0821 × 298 from this, C = 4.8 mole/lit
问题6:如果水中蔗糖的沸点升高和冰点降低之和为5,则x克溶质溶解在500克溶剂中,求其摩尔浓度。 (如果 K b = 0.52 和 K f = 1.86)找到 x?
解决方案:
ΔTf + ΔTb = 5 (ΔTf = i × kf × m and ΔTb = i × kb × m)
And, here i = 1 for nonelectrolyte like sucrose.
kf × m + kb × m = 5
⇒ 2.38 × m = 5
m = 2.1mole/kg
(Molality = number of moles of solute/weight of solvent in Kg)
x × 1000/342 × 500 = 2.1
⇒ x = 359
问题7:如果一个容器中有两种气体,其中一种浓度为2M,另一种浓度为10M,求净流向?
解决方案:
Here given concentration and we know that concentration is directly proportional to osmotic pressure and osmotic pressure is proportional to number of solute particles and we know that net flow occurs from less solute particles to high solute particles. So net flow occurs from 2M to 10M.