有关该主题的先前文章:博弈论中的Minimax算法,博弈论中的评估函数,井字游戏AI –找到最佳移动,Alpha-Beta修剪。
Zobrist Hashing是一种哈希函数,广泛用于2个棋盘游戏中。它是换位表中最常用的哈希函数。换位表基本上存储了先前板状态的评估值,因此,如果再次遇到它们,我们只需从换位表中检索存储的值即可。我们将在以后的文章中介绍换位表。在本文中,我们将以国际象棋棋盘为例,并为此实现一个哈希函数。
伪代码:
// A matrix with random numbers initialized once
Table[#ofBoardCells][#ofPieces]
// Returns Zobrist hash function for current conf-
// iguration of board.
function findhash(board):
hash = 0
for each cell on the board :
if cell is not empty :
piece = board[cell]
hash ^= table[cell][piece]
return hash
解释 :
Zobrist Hashing背后的想法是,对于给定的板状态,如果给定单元格上有一块,我们将使用表中相应单元格中该块的随机数。
如果随机数中有更多位,则发生哈希冲突的机会较小。因此,通常使用64位数字作为标准,并且在如此大的数字下不太可能发生哈希冲突。在程序执行期间,该表仅需初始化一次。
同样,在棋盘游戏中广泛使用Zobrist Hashing的原因是,当玩家移动时,无需从头开始重新计算哈希值。由于XOR运算的性质,我们可以简单地使用少量XOR运算来重新计算哈希值。
执行 :
我们将尝试查找给定板配置的哈希值。
// A program to illustrate Zobeist Hashing Algorithm
#include
using namespace std;
unsigned long long int ZobristTable[8][8][12];
mt19937 mt(01234567);
// Generates a Randome number from 0 to 2^64-1
unsigned long long int randomInt()
{
uniform_int_distribution
dist(0, UINT64_MAX);
return dist(mt);
}
// This function associates each piece with
// a number
int indexOf(char piece)
{
if (piece=='P')
return 0;
if (piece=='N')
return 1;
if (piece=='B')
return 2;
if (piece=='R')
return 3;
if (piece=='Q')
return 4;
if (piece=='K')
return 5;
if (piece=='p')
return 6;
if (piece=='n')
return 7;
if (piece=='b')
return 8;
if (piece=='r')
return 9;
if (piece=='q')
return 10;
if (piece=='k')
return 11;
else
return -1;
}
// Initializes the table
void initTable()
{
for (int i = 0; i<8; i++)
for (int j = 0; j<8; j++)
for (int k = 0; k<12; k++)
ZobristTable[i][j][k] = randomInt();
}
// Computes the hash value of a given board
unsigned long long int computeHash(char board[8][9])
{
unsigned long long int h = 0;
for (int i = 0; i<8; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j<8; j++)
{
if (board[i][j]!='-')
{
int piece = indexOf(board[i][j]);
h ^= ZobristTable[i][j][piece];
}
}
}
return h;
}
// Main Function
int main()
{
// Uppercase letters are white pieces
// Lowercase letters are black pieces
char board[8][9] =
{
"---K----",
"-R----Q-",
"--------",
"-P----p-",
"-----p--",
"--------",
"p---b--q",
"----n--k"
};
initTable();
unsigned long long int hashValue = computeHash(board);
printf("The hash value is : %llu\n", hashValue);
//Move the white king to the left
char piece = board[0][3];
board[0][3] = '-';
hashValue ^= ZobristTable[0][3][indexOf(piece)];
board[0][2] = piece;
hashValue ^= ZobristTable[0][2][indexOf(piece)];
printf("The new hash value is : %llu\n", hashValue);
// Undo the white king move
piece = board[0][2];
board[0][2] = '-';
hashValue ^= ZobristTable[0][2][indexOf(piece)];
board[0][3] = piece;
hashValue ^= ZobristTable[0][3][indexOf(piece)];
printf("The old hash value is : %llu\n", hashValue);
return 0;
}
输出 :
The hash value is : 14226429382419125366
The new hash value is : 15124945578233295113
The old hash value is : 14226429382419125366