在 12 面骰子上掷出 2 的概率是多少?
概率意味着可能性。它说明事件即将发生的可能性。事件的概率只能存在于 0 和 1 之间,其中 0 表示事件不会发生,即不可能,1 表示肯定会发生,即确定性。
事件发生的概率越高或越小,事件发生或不发生的可能性就越大。
例如 –一枚无偏的硬币被抛一次。因此,结果的总数只能是 2,即“正面”或“反面”。两种结果的概率相等,即 50% 或 1/2。因此,事件的概率是有利结果/结果总数。它用括号表示,即P(Event)。
P(Event) = N(Favorable Outcomes) / N (Total Outcomes)
Note: If the probability of occurring of an event A is 1/3 then the probability of not occurring of event A is 1-P(A) i.e. 1- (1/3) = 2/3
什么是样本空间?
事件的所有可能结果称为样本空间。
例子-
- A six faced dice is rolled once. So, total outcomes can be 6 and
Sample space will be [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] - An unbiased coin is tossed, So, total outcomes can be 2 and
Sample space will be [Head, Tail] - If two dice are rolled together then total outcomes will be 36 and
Sample space will be
[ (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6) ]
活动类型
独立事件:如果两个事件(A 和 B)是独立的,那么它们的概率为
P(A 和 B) = P (A ∩ B) = P(A).P(B) 即 P(A) * P(B)
Example: If two coins are flipped, then the chance of both being tails is 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/4
互斥事件:
- 如果事件 A 和事件 B 不能同时发生,则称为互斥事件。
- 如果两个事件互斥,则两者发生的概率记为 P (A ∩ B) 且 P (A 和 B) = P (A ∩ B) = 0
- 如果两个事件互斥,则任一事件发生的概率记为 P (A ∪ B)
P (A 或 B) = P (A ∪ B)
= P (A) + P (B) - P (A ∩ B)
= P (A) + P (B) - 0
= P (A) + P (B)
Example – The chance of rolling a 2 or 3 on a six-faced die is P (2 or 3) = P (2) + P (3) = 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3
不互斥事件:如果事件不互斥,则
P (A or B) = P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A and B)
什么是条件概率?
对于某个事件 A 的概率,给出了某个其他事件 B 的发生。写成 P (A ∣ B)
P (A ∣ B) = P (A ∩ B) / P (B)
示例-在一袋 3 个黑球和 2 个黄球(共 5 个球)中,拿一个黑球的概率是 3/5,拿第二个球的概率是黑球或黄球取决于先前取出的球。因为,如果拿了一个黑球,那么再次捡到一个黑球的概率是 1/4,因为只剩下 2 个黑球和 2 个黄球,如果之前拿过一个黄球,那么再次捡到一个黑球的概率是黑球将是 3/4。
12 面骰子掷出 2 的概率是多少?
解决方案:
When a 12-sided dice is rolled then total outcomes are 12 and Sample space is
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
Total outcomes =12
Favorable outcomes = 1
Probability of getting a 2 on 12-sided dice = Favorable outcomes / Total outcomes = 1/12
So, P(2) = 1/12.
类似问题
问题1:12面骰子得到偶数的概率是多少?
解决方案:
When a 12-sided dice is rolled then total outcomes are 12 and Sample space is
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
Total outcomes =12
Favorable outcomes = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 i.e. total 6
Probability of getting an even number on 12-sided dice = Favorable outcomes / Total outcomes
= 6 / 12 = 1/2
So, P(E) = 1/2.
问题2:12面骰子得到奇数的概率是多少?
解决方案:
When a 12-sided dice is rolled then total outcomes are 12 and Sample space is
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
Total outcomes = 12
Favorable outcomes = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 i.e. total 6
Probability of getting an odd number on 12-sided dice = Favorable outcomes / Total outcomes = 6 / 12 = 1/2
So, P(O) = 1/2.
问题 3:在 12 面骰子上得到质数的概率是多少?
解决方案:
When a 12-sided dice is rolled then total outcomes are 12 and Sample space is
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
Total outcomes =12
Favorable outcomes = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 i.e. total 5
Probability of getting a prime number on 12-sided dice = Favorable outcomes / Total outcomes = 5 / 12
So, P(P) = 5/12.