代数恒等式是代数方程式,对于变量中的每个值始终都是正确的。对其中所有变量值均有效的代数方程式称为代数恒等式。它用于多项式的因式分解。这样,在计算代数表达式和求解不同的多项式时就使用了代数恒等式。它们在多项式(即LHS和RHS)的两边都包含变量和常数。在代数身份中,LHS必须等于RHS。
什么是身份?
考虑等式(x + 1)(x +2)= x 2 + 3x +2。一个人可以为a的某个值求等式的两端,例如x =5。对于x = 5,
- LHS =(x +1)(x + 2)=(5 +1)(5 + 2)= 6×7 = 42
- RHS = x 2 + 3x + 2 = 5 2 + 3×5 + 2 = 25 + 15 + 2 = 42
因此,对于a = 5,等式两侧的值相等。可以发现,对于x的任何值, LHS = RHS 。对于变量中的每个值都适用的这种相等性称为Identity 。因此,(x +1)(x + 2)= x 2 + 3x + 2是恒等式。
标准身份
所有标准代数恒等式均来自二项式定理。代数身份的数目很多,但下面列出的标准身份很少。
- (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
- (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
- (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
- (a + b)3=a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
- (a – b)3=a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
- (a + b + c)2=a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
解决身份的方法
- 我们可以通过替代方法来验证代数恒等式,在该方法中,我们可以将值放在可变的位置,并尝试使两边相等。即LHS = RHS。
例子:
(a – 2) (a + 2) = a2 – 22
Now we will start putting value in place of a.
starting with a = 1, (-1) x (3) = -3
then we will put a = 2, 0 x 4 = 0
Here we got a = 1 and a = 2 as the value which satisfy the given question.
- 另一种方法是通过操纵通常使用的身份:
i. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
ii. (a – b)2 = a2+ b2 – 2ab
iii. (a + b)(a – b) =a2 – b2
iv. (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
证明:
i. (a + b)2 = (a + b) (a + b)
= (a + b) (a) + (a + b) (b)
= a2 + ab + ab + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
Hence, LHS = RHS.
ii. (a – b)2 = (a – b) (a – b)
= (a – b) (a) + (a – b) (b)
= a2 – ab – ba + b2
= a2 – 2ab + b2
Hence, LHS = RHS.
iii. (a + b) (a – b) = a (a – b) + b (a – b)
= a2 – ab + ab – b2
= a2 – b2
Hence, LHS = RHS.
应用身份
示例1:使用代数恒等式求解(2x + 3)(2x – 3)?
解决方案:
By the algebraic identity (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
We can re-write the given expression as
(2x + 3) (2x – 3) = (2x)2 – (3)2 = 4x2– 9
示例2:使用代数恒等式求解(3x + 5) 2吗?
解决方案:
By algebraic identity
(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
We can re-write the given expression as;
(3x + 5)2 = (3x)2 + 2(3x)5 + 52
(3x + 5)2 = 9x 2 + 30x + 25
示例3:使用标准代数恒等式求(x + 1)(x + 1)的乘积?
解决方案:
(x + 1)(x + 1) can be written as (x + 1)2. Thus, it is of the standard form I where a = x and b = 1.
We have,
(x + 1)2 = (x)2 + 2(x)(1) + (1)2 = x 2 + 2x + 1
示例4:使用标准代数恒等式展开(3x – 4y) 3吗?
解决方案:
(3x – 4y)3 is of the standard form VII where a = 3x and b = 4y.
We have,
(3x – 4y)3 = (3x)3 – (4y)3 – 3(3x)(4y)(3x – 4y) = 27x 3 – 64y 3 – 108x2y + 144xy 2