有几种形式可以表示二维坐标平面上的直线方程。它们的三个主要形式是点斜率形式,斜率截取形式以及常规形式或标准形式。点斜率形式包括直线的斜率和直线上的一个点,顾名思义。可以有无限条具有给定斜率的直线,但是当我们指定直线经过给定点时,我们将获得一条唯一的直线。因此,仅需要线上的一个点及其斜率即可表示点-斜率形式的直线。
点斜率方程
考虑二维坐标平面上的任何直线。令其斜率为m , (x 1 ,y 1 )为线上的固定点。可以有无限个斜率m的直线,但是当我们指定直线穿过固定点(x 1 ,y 1 )时,我们得到一条唯一的直线。令(x,y)为线上的任意点。我们知道线的斜率是m ,即线上的任意两个点之间的斜率始终是m。利用这一事实,我们可以得出具有给定斜率并经过固定点的任何直线的方程式。
我们知道,
(y的变化)/(x的变化)=斜率,
由于(x,y)和(x 1 ,y 1 )是直线上的两个点,并且m是直线的斜率,因此(x,y)和(x 1 ,y 1 )之间的斜率将等于m 。
现在,在(x,y)和(x 1 ,y 1 )之间的斜率=(y – y 1 )/(x – x 1 )
∴(y − y 1 )/(x − x 1 )= m…(1)
将等式(1)的两边乘以(x − x 1 ),我们得到,
⟹ (y-y 1 )= m(x-x 1 ) …(2)
这是所考虑的直线或点斜率形式的方程式。
该方程称为点斜率形式的原因非常明显。该方程只包含斜率和直线上的固定点作为常数,因此称为点斜率形式。
点斜率方程的样本问题
问题1:找到斜率为3且直线为0的直线方程
通过(-1,5)。
解决方案:
Here slope of the line is 3 or m = 3 and the line passes through (-1, 5),
hence a fixed point on the line is
(-1, 5) or (x1, y1) = (-1, 5)
Let (x, y) be any point on the line
∴ Slope between (x, y) and (x1, y1) = (y – y1) / (x – x1)
Since (x1, y1) and (x, y) are two points on the line,
the slope between them will be the slope of the line (m)
∴ (y – y1) / (x – x1) = m
Multiplying both sides by (x – x1) we get,
⇒ y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Putting m = 3 and (x1, y1) = (-1, 5) we get,
⇒ y – 5 = 3(x – (-1))
⇒ y – 5 = 3(x + 1)
⇒ y – 5 = 3x + 3
⇒ y – 3x – 5 – 3 = 0
⇒ y – 3x – 8 = 0, which is the required equation
问题2:找到斜率为-2并经过(7,-4)的直线方程。
解决方案:
Here slope of the line is -2 or m = -2 and the line passes through (7, -4), hence a fixed point on the
line is (7, -4) or (x1, y1) = (7, -4)
Let (x, y) be any point on the line
Since (x1, y1) and (x, y) are two points on the line, the
slope between them will be the slope of the line
∴ (y – y1) / (x – x1) = m
Putting m = 3 and (x1, y1) = (7, -4) we get,
⇒ (y – (-4)) / (x – 7) = -2
Multiplying both sides by (x – 7) we get,
⇒ y + 4 = (-2)(x – 7)
⇒ y + 4 = -2x + 14
⇒ y + 2x + 4 – 14 = 0
⇒ y + 2x – 10 = 0, which is the required equation
问题3:找到斜率为1/4并经过(2,3)的直线方程。
解决方案:
Here slope of the line is 1/4 or m = 1/4 and the line passes through (2, 3),
hence, a fixed point on the line is (2, 3) or (x1, y1) = (2, 3)
We know, point-slope form is: (y – y1) = m(x – x1)
Putting the values of m, x1 and y1 in the equation we get,
⇒ (y – 3) = (1/4)(x – 2)
Multiplying both sides by 4 we get,
⇒ 4(y – 3) = 1(x – 2)
⇒ 4y – 12 = x – 2
⇒ 4y – x – 12 + 2 = 0
⇒ 4y – x – 10 = 0, which is the required equation
坡度截距方程
斜率截距形式可以视为点斜率形式的特例,其中直线上的固定点位于X轴或Y轴上。当一条直线穿过任何一条轴时,它将在距原点一定距离的固定点处切割该轴。该距离称为线的截距。因此,如果给出了截距,我们可以轻松确定切点并将其用作点-坡度形式的固定点。如果说这条线是在距原点c 1的距离上切割Y轴的,那么很明显,切割点在Y轴上,并且坐标是(0,c 1 ) ,它将是固定的。点斜率形式的点。类似地,如果线相交上的C 2的从原点的距离X轴,切割点在X轴和其坐标将是(C 2,0)。请参见下图以进一步说明。
取决于线是从哪个轴切出截距,这两种情况如下:
情况1:如果给出了y截距
考虑一个斜率为m的直线,该直线被称为在距原点c 1的距离处切开Y轴。如上所述,该线在固定的切割点(0,c 1 )上切割Y轴。将斜率= m , x 1 = 0且y 1 = c 1设为点斜率形式,
(y – y1) = m (x – x1)
Putting the values we get,
⇒ y – c1 = m (x – 0)
⇒ y – c1 = mx
⇒ y = mx + c1 …(3),
这是所考虑的线或斜率截距形式的方程式。
问题1:找到斜率为-1且y截距为3的直线方程。
解决方案:
Here slope of the line is -1 or m = -1 and
y-intercept is 3, hence the line cuts the Y-axis on the
fixed point (0, 3) or (x1, y1) = (0, 3)
Putting the values of m, x1 and y1 in the point-slope
form we get,
Point-slope form: (y – y1) = m(x – x1)
⇒ y – 3 = (-1)(x – 0)
⇒ y – 3 = (-1)x
⇒ y – 3 = -x
⇒ y + x – 3 = 0, which is the required equation
问题2:找到斜率为4且y截距为-5的直线方程
解决方案:
Here slope of the line is 4 or m = 4 and
y-intercept is -5 or c1 = -5
Putting the values of m and c1 in the slope-intercept
form we get,
Slope-intercept form: y = mx + c1
⇒ y = 4x + (-5)
⇒ y = 4x – 5
⇒ y – 4x + 5 = 0, which is the required equation
情况2:如果给出了x截距
考虑一个斜率为m的直线,该直线被称为在距原点c 2的距离处切开了X轴。如上所讨论的,线切割X轴在一个固定的切削点,它是(C 2,0)。推杆坡度= m, x 1 = c 2和y 1 = 0的点斜率形式,
(y – y1) = m (x – x1)
Putting the values we get,
⇒ y – 0 = m (x – c2)
⇒ y = m (x – c2) …(4),
这是所考虑的线或斜率截距形式的方程式。
问题1:找到斜率为2和x截距为1的直线的方程式
解决方案:
Here slope of the line is 2 or m = 2 and
x-intercept is 1, hence the line cuts the X-axis on the
fixed point (1, 0) or (x1, y1) = (1, 0)
Putting the values of m, x1 and y1 in the point-slope
form we get,
Point-slope form: (y – y1) = m(x – x1)
⇒ y – 0 = 2(x – 1)
⇒ y = 2(x – 1)
⇒ y = 2x – 2
⇒ y – 2x + 2 = 0, which is the required equation
问题2:找到斜率为-3和x截距为-7的直线方程
解决方案:
Here slope of the line is -3 or m = -3 and
x-intercept is -7 or c2 = -7
Putting the values of m and c2 in the slope-intercept
form we get,
Slope-intercept form: y = m(x – c2)
⇒ y = (-3)(x – (-7))
⇒ y = (-3)(x + 7)
⇒ y = -3x – 21
⇒ y + 3x + 21 = 0, which is the required equation
概括
- 具有斜率m且经过固定点(x 1 ,y 1 )的直线的方程,即点斜率形式为: (y-y 1 )= m(x-x 1 )
- 具有斜率m和y截距c 1的直线的方程,即斜率截距形式为: y = mx + c 1
- 具有斜率m和x截距c 2的直线的方程,即斜率截距形式为: y = m(x – c 2 )